Should stem cell transplants be done Essay Example for Free

Should undifferentiated cell transplants be done Essay Undifferentiated cell transplants are frequently one of the last decisions a patient needs to endure malignant growth. All have just experienced chemotherapy, radiation treatment or both and this is the following stage in their treatment. Patients have two options in transplants autologous or allogeneic. In an autologous transplant undifferentiated cells are gathered from the patient and afterward offered back to them sometime in the future after the body has been appropriately arranged for transplantation. In an allogeneic transplant undifferentiated cells are gathered from a giver, related or disconnected to the patient, at that point transplanted into the patient. Immature microorganisms can be gathered in two distinct manners. One way is by means of bone marrow and the other is by means of fringe blood. The donor’s or patient’s bone marrow is gathered from the pelvis, femur or sternum, however the pelvis is the most widely recognized, and afterward implanted into the patient by means of a focal line. In a fringe blood immature microorganism assortment the benefactor or the patient has their undifferentiated cells gathered by means of a focal line in a procedure called apheresis. This can take different assortments to guarantee enough undeveloped cells for transplantation. The two techniques should be fastidiously arranged and all help prescriptions given to guarantee fruitful assortment. There are numerous diseases that undifferentiated organism transplants are usually utilized for. Numerous myeloma, intense lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin’s sickness and ceaseless myelogenous leukemia are all the more regularly rewarded with transplantation. Every one of these tumors has an alternate achievement rate, some have a higher achievement rates than with chemotherapy alone. Legitimate planning is significant for undifferentiated cell transplants. All patients experience chemotherapy before transplantation. This is utilized to get out the bone marrow of cells to guarantee an effective transplant. Additionally most patients have just experienced chemotherapy in order to cure their disease without needing an immature microorganism transplant. Chemotherapy isn't the main prescription used to help in transplants. Patients by and large get G-CSF infusions to help elevate cell creation before gather and to help in engraftment. Transplantation isn't without dangers, patients can encounter weakness, contaminations, brought down red platelets and platelets or even unite versus have ailment. These would all be able to be dealt with however with great strong consideration by the doctors and other care staff. Examination shows that foundational microorganism transplants ought to be done in specific cases since it can permit a more noteworthy personal satisfaction by freeing the assortment of malignant growth and advancing solid cell development and permitting a patient to have different alternatives of treatments to beat disease. Different myeloma is one of the malignancies that can have fruitful results by a foundational microorganism transplant. In spite of the fact that exploration shows this is anything but a genuine corrective treatment for patients, it can give them a possibility at a more drawn out life. Both autologous and allogeneic transplants should be possible for various myeloma however allogeneic transplants are increasingly effective. Bruno et al, (2007) credits this to the powerlessness of the pre-transplant chemotherapy to annihilate all myeloma cells. Likewise allografting utilizing immature microorganisms from a HLA-indistinguishable kin has higher achievement rates than transplants utilizing non HLA-indistinguishable kin. Another malignancy that has fruitful results after transplantation is intense lymphoblastic leukemia. Kiehl et al, (2004) shows that up to 46% of patients who get an allogeneic transplant have fruitful illness free endurance. Higher hazard patients and patients who are in their second total abatement ought to experience an immature microorganism transplant for a more noteworthy possibility at long haul endurance. The individuals who are in their third complete abatement, or have had enlistment disappointment, have a lower chance at an effective transplant with malady free endurance. As expressed by Kiehl et al, (2004) these patients just have a 5-15% possibility of long haul endurance regardless of transplantation. The allogeneic benefactor can either be connected or irrelevant, however the contributor of decision is a coordinated kin. This isn't generally conceivable so transplantation ought to proceed with and inconsequential giver. Hodgkin’s ailment can be effectively relieved with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, however a few patients will require transplantation sooner or later. Examination by Sureda et al, (2001) shows that these patients can accomplish long haul endurance after an autologous undifferentiated cell transplant. These patients have commonly backslid after starting chemotherapy or have unmanageable ailment. More unfortunate results after transplantation can be found in patients who have a short abatement period or massive sickness at time of transplantation. This is certifiably not a central factor in not endeavoring a transplant however. Foundational microorganism transplants keep on being the main therapeudic alternative for incessant myelogenous leukemia. A large portion of these patients get an allogeneic transplant however some experience and autologous if no contributors are accessible. Maziaz and Mauro, (2004) show that an allogeneic transplant from a kin giver had a 60% ailment free endurance at 5 years. Autologous transplants have a 80% endurance rate at 5 years however these patients are just disappearing not genuinely malady free. Age, other wellbeing variables, and giver accessibility are components to be considered before transplant. Maziarz and Mauro, (2003) raise the topic of non-transplant treatment by utilizing Imatinib. This drug is as yet being explored with respect to its adequacy and therapeudic rates. This could be a possibility for patients who are too sick to even consider undergoing a transplant. Undifferentiated organism transplants are dependent on numerous meds preceding and after transplantation. Chemotherapies are utilized to remove the bone marrow and prepared it for creation of new solid cells. Granulocyte state animating component, G-CSF, is utilized pre and post transplantation. This medicine aids cell creation for a fruitful reap and afterward for effective engraftment. High portion chemotherapies, for example, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin and Etoposide are regularly utilized before transplantation. (Schlemmer et al, 2006, Straka et al, 20003) These drugs prepared the bone marrow for transplantation by decimating cells, both great and awful. Older patients and patients who can't endure full portion treatment are regularly given dosages at a diminished rate. This doesn't diminish the odds of a fruitful transplantation. (Straka et al, 2003) Without annihilation of all cells fruitful engraftment couldn't occur. The immature microorganisms would be overwhelmed by harmful cells and the ailment would proceed. This is one motivation behind why so much chemotherapy is offered before transplantation. Granulocyte settlement invigorating element, G-CSF, is a significant piece of immature microorganism transplantation. It animates the bone marrow to deliver more leukocytes. G-CSF is utilized both pre and post transplantation. At the point when utilized pre transplantation it helps produce more lymphocytes that are then collected for transplantation. Post transplantation it is utilized to help engraftment and abatement neutropenia. Samaras et al, (2010) states the utilization of G-CSF can lessen the chance to engraftment and conceivably bring down the hazard for post-transplant diseases. There are distinctive symptoms and confusions that can emerge from transplantation. As the body is set up for transplantation, the body is deprived of its regular barriers against contamination. With no white cells to help fight against pioneering diseases a patient can turn out to be incredibly sick. They are likewise in danger for iron deficiency and thrombocytopenia as the chemotherapy additionally devastates red platelets and platelets. This is one explanation patients are kept in the emergency clinic for a long time during high portions of chemotherapy. They are likewise at proceeded with hazard after transplantation until engraftment and cell recuperation occurs. Another significant reaction that can happen is unite versus have ailment (GVHD). This is the place the contributor cells see the recipient’s body as remote and assault the body. There are 4 evaluations of unite versus have illness and they can either be intense or interminable. Intense GVHD for the most part occurs as the new cells are engrafting into the host body. Interminable GVHD can happen years after the fact and is increasingly extreme in impacts to the body. In the intense periods of GVHD the patient can be dealt with and relieved by the utilization of transient immunosuppressant treatment and steroids. Long haul immunosuppression can reduce the impacts on the body in constant GVHD. This in itself can prompt contaminations because of incessant immunosuppression. (Kiehl et al, 2004, Bruno et al, 2007) Most patients experience some degree of weakness while recuperating from transplants. This can be exacerbated by queasiness, spewing, poor hunger, rest issues and opposite symptoms of transplantation. As patients experience more weariness they become less slanted to do encourage exercises. It is essential to treat all indications adequately and urge patients to be up and moving. This can abbreviate medical clinic stays and diminish the odds of contaminations. (Programmer et al, 2006) Stem cell transplants however confounded and dangerous are as yet perhaps the best decision for some patients. They can be the last possibility at endurance for patients just as the best choice for the chance of longer life living with malignant growth. Backslide and disappointment of transplant are dangers that patients decide to take. There is an intricate arrangement of chemotherapy and steady prescriptions for transplant, however without these, transplantation would not be conceivable by any means. In spite of the fact that symptoms can occur, the advantages far exceed the dangers related with transplantation. Exploration shows that foundational microorganism transplants ought to be done in specific cases since it can permit a more noteworthy personal satisfaction by freeing the assortment of disease and advancing solid cell development and permitting a patient to have different choices of treatments to defeat malignant growth. As the years proceed and further exploration is done undifferentiated organism transplants will turn into the initial phase in thinking about malignant growth patients.

Evaluate the performance of Encana Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sample on Human Memory

Sample on Human Memory Human Memory Dec 19, 2018 in Psychology What You Need to Know about Human Memory When you are asked a question that requires you to relate to an event that occurred a while ago, the moment you open your mouth to recant the said event, you find out that you almost seem to relieve it as you go on. The feelings come rushing back as well as the sounds, the sights, the smells, the feelings and all of the emotions you felt at that particular time become almost instantly fresh again. This phenomenon occurs irrespective of the type of event you are trying to remember, whether pleasurable or traumatic but sometimes more so when it is a traumatic experience. The recalling of the event is a classic case of the memory of the individual at work. Memory is the capacity of the mind to remember and recall some things. Memory is a very important part of the human personality; humans and their reactions are a function of the memories that we have created. The part of the brain that is responsible for the acquisition storage and retrieval of memory is the temporal lobe. This part of the brain is located lateral to the skull and just above both ears (Gray, Pick Howden, 1977). This temporal lobe is also responsible for the sense of smell. This is especially significant when you notice that a particular smell/scent almost literally takes you to a different place or reminds you very poignantly about something.

Gangs in Prison Essay - 1447 Words

Introduction Prison gangs are originally formed by inmates as a way of protecting themselves from the other inmates. These gangs have turned out to be violent and thus posing a threat to security. This paper will have a look at the different gangs in prisons, their history, beliefs and missions, and the differences and similarities in these gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood The Aryan Brotherhood started in 1964 was founded by Tyler Bingham and Barry Mills who were white supremacists and Irish American bikers. It started at the San Quentin state prison. The prison group was created to protect white prisoners from the black inmates. The cause changed into revenue when the group gained power. This gang is the most violent white supremacists†¦show more content†¦This group is continuously growing both in the prison and also outside the prison. It has its dominance mostly in state prisons especially the San Quentin prison. The Black Guerrilla Family The Black Guerrilla Family was started in the year 1966 by W.L. Nolen, Lester Jackson, James Carr and other racist who were black in the San Quentin state prison in California. The founders adopted the militia structure and ideology of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The gangs were started so as to unite the black prisoners and get rid of a violent uprising. This uprising was believed to be from a racist prison administration that was white. The gang attracted thousands black American offenders, and was listed for a number of staff assaults and the murder of Marin County judge in 1970. Its territory is in California and some selected areas in the United States. It also has a paramilitary kind of structure. It has around 50,000 members. If one wants to join the gang, one has to be black and must be nominated by an existing member. They have a symbol of a dragon that is attacking a gun tower of a prison. This gang is still growing in most of the American prisons with some of its membe rs outside the confinement. The Folk Nation The Folk nation was founded in 1978, in Chicago, along with the People Nation. The Folk Nation groups include the Black Disciples, Black Gangster Disciples, the Gangster Disciples, theShow MoreRelatedPrison Gangs3155 Words   |  13 PagesPrison Gangs Prison Gangs According to (Wikipedia) a prison gang is a term used to identify any type of gang activity in prisons and correctional facilities. The difference between prison gangs and street gangs has become unclear because gang members are in and out of the prison system according to the (Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2005). Prison gangs offer more than just simple protection forRead MorePrison Gangs2927 Words   |  12 PagesPrison Gangs Michael Dooley Aiken Tech CRJ 242.013 Prison Gangs Prison gangs are flourishing across the country. Organized, stealthy and deadly, they are reaching out from their cells to organize and control crime in Americas streets. Law enforcement personal began to systematically monitor gang activities in the 1970s. Working together, their initial attempts were to identify only gangs which had some semblance of formal structure, a constitution, bylaws, mission statement, or some identifiableRead MoreWhat Are Prison Gangs? Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pages What are Prison gangs? This is a criminal association that is formed in the penal system and operates within the prison system in the United Sates. Prison gangs identify themselves with symbols, tattoos, and calls (by yelling out a chant, phrase, or word/number). Prison gangs go decades back and are still present in the prison system. What is a Prison gang initiation? It’s when current gang members induct a non-gang member into full membership. Ways of initiation include: (1) BeatRead MoreThe Endless Battle with Prison Gangs1689 Words   |  7 PagesEndless Battle with Prison Gangs As the years pass, the rate of gang affiliated crimes in the Unites States has progressed extensively, accumulating more inmates into our major prisons doubling the maximum occupancy that the jails can hold. In the U.S there are currently 33,000 active violent street, motorcycle, and prison gangs with a recorded 1.4 million members combined. The registered number of police officers is a mere 683,396; which is not even half of our countries gang population. IncrediblyRead MorePrison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine tenRead MoreSecurity Threat Groups And Prison Gangs1665 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity threat groups and prison gangs are responsible for a lot of the crimes that occur in prison. Well-organized and highly structured prison gangs who have leaders and influences have been around decades. Gangs in prison can be described as groups whose activities pose a real threat to the safety of the institutional staff and other inmates and also to security of the correctional institution (Beth, 1991). These gangs always have strong leaders and use that leadership role to their advantageRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Prison Gangs1157 Words   |  5 PagesPrison Gangs Ever since the creation of the first prison gang the ‘Gypsy Jokers’, gangs in prisons have been a handful for officials trying to provide safety and security not only for corrections workers but for inmates as well. Prison gangs have been responsible for carrying out any number of illicit activites behind bars, these include but may not be limited to: gambling, drugs, protection, and prostitution (Knox, 2012). Over the years research for prison gangs proves difficult because of theRead MorePrison Gangs And The Criminal Justice System2009 Words   |  9 Pages000 gang members in the United States and that 24,250 of them are prison gangs, since the data research was done in May of 2017 (Statisticbrain.com)! You rarely hear about prison gangs because everything that goes on is inside the prison. When people do hear about prison gangs, it’s normally from a TV show or movie which leads the watchers to perceive prison gangs based on what they’ve watched. Typica lly, motorcycle gangs and street gangs are the most commonly heard about unlike prions gangs. I believeRead More Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesGangs and Violence in the Prison System Introduction Gang violence is nationwide and is one of the most prominent problems in the prison system today. Gangs are known to attempt to control the prisons/jails, instill fear within the prison system and throughout the society, and bring negative attention to the system. â€Å"Gang affiliated inmates comprise about 18 percent of the 18000 inmate population.†(Seabrook) A growing numbers of inmates and a large amount of them serving longer sentences forRead MoreEssay on Prison Gangs: Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness2814 Words   |  12 Pagesthe major problems of corrections today is the security threat group - more commonly known as the prison gang. A security threat group (STG) can be defined as any group of offenders who pose a treat to the security and physical safety of the institution. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, prison gangs focused primarily on uniting inmates for self protection and the monopolization of illegal prison activities for monetary gain (F.B.P., 1994, p. 2). STGs are mostly divided along racial lines and

Epitaph on a Tyrant- a Critical Analysis - 759 Words

Epitaph on a Tyrant Wyston Hughes Auden, or WH Auden, was a British poet, often considered by critics to be one of the best England has ever produced. Auden’s work is known, not only for its remarkable poetic calibre and craftsmanship but also for his skilful portrayal of myriad themes- ranging from the political, social, ethical, to the moral and even the individual. One of Auden’s best known poems and written, interestingly when Adolf Hitler was at the peak of his power in Europe, is a short, six line piece entitled- â€Å"Epitaph on a Tyrant† The poem talks about a man- an anonymous â€Å"he†- a perfectionist whose poetry was understandable and who, himself, understood â€Å"human folly† and the human psyche like â€Å"the back of his hand†. He was†¦show more content†¦In fact, there are many critics who believe that this poem was Auden’s own epitaph on Hitler- a personal ode to the man who had wielded such power in the years of his dictatorship and played no small role in shaping the world as we know it today and they had known it then. However the poem doesnot restrict itself to a merely historical purview. Auden’s poetry is such that it can be analyzed and interpreted in many more ways than just one and these interpretations themselves can change over time and circumstance. Hence, Epitaph on a Tyrant, though it does, most definitely allude to Hitler, discusses, also the very nature of tyranny itself- and presents it as the dynamic, multifaceted phenomenon it really is. By using phrases such as â€Å"poetry† and â€Å"perfection† Auden portrays the tyrant, almost as a misunderstood artist- a man who wishes to achieve the ultimate in what he shapes, through his creative abilities. On the one hand, it is believed that Auden may be talking about a different sort of tyrant- a benevolent despot whose character and personality are such that people find joy in his laughter and die in the wake of his grief. A man, who through his charisma, alone, brings together multitudes and in his knowledge regardin g human folly and his effective use of it, binds them together and achieves that elusive â€Å"perfection†- thereby rendering the phrase tyrant- ironic and obsolete. On the other hand, however, Auden couldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias 1512 Words   |  7 Pageswidely recognized as one of the greatest Egyptian pharaohs and is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Ramses the Great† due to his many accomplishments; however, throughout the ages, his physical legacy is slowly succumbing to deterioration. There are many critical reviews of this poem; however, the profound sense of irony that is conveyed is the one that resonates the greatest. Irony, as used in literature, is defined as, â€Å"a technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention orRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paper

1972 Title IX An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics Free Essays

â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www. We will write a custom essay sample on 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics or any similar topic only for you Order Now savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney. How to cite 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics, Papers 1972 Title IX An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics Free Essays â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www. We will write a custom essay sample on 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics or any similar topic only for you Order Now savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney. How to cite 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics, Essay examples

Viking Longships Essay Example

Viking Longships Paper The Vikings are peoples that were originally from Scandinavia. Scandinavia is now Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. From the eight to the eleventh century, these people originally referred to as Norsemen began to raid places in Europe and other countries they became referred to as Vikings. The name Viking, originates from the place Viken in the Oslofjord. The Oslofjord is a bay south-east of Norway. Vikings are known for plundering from other societies. They are usually shown that the whole Viking nation went out to help on these raids but, they were done mostly independent by chieftains that obtained men who were willing to aid and longships. Viking Longships are the warships of the Vikings. These ships were used mostly for raids because of their ability to travel swiftly in coastal waters, open waters, rivers, and estuaries and travel long distances. The Longships are usually in between twenty to thirty-five meters long. The largest Longship discovered was at Roskilde Harbor, which is in Demark, and it was 35 meters in length. It had the capacity to carry 72 oars and a crew of 100 men. Tree- ring analysis places this ship to be created around 1025 A. D. The Longships usually carried between twenty to sixty Viking warriors. The ship was also big enough for all the equipment that the Vikings had to transport, and the loot that they plundered. These Longships were light-weight and strong. They were created with a square sail. The square sails were made of woven wool. The sail could be pulled down over the crew to protect them during rough storms. We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The sail is what allowed the Longship to sail so quickly throughout rough seas and other waters. The sail in combination with the oars allowed for the Vikings to sail through open oceans straight through and then switch to using the oars when they were near attacks. The Longships also featured a shallow hull that allows the ship to sail up onto the beach or sail through rivers. This also aided with raiding villages that have centers on the river. Craftsmen in that time would create the boat differently by first splitting an oak tree’s trunk into long, thin planks. The craftsmen attached the boards together with iron nails then to a single sturdy keel and then to each other, with one board overlapping another. The Vikings used this clinker technique as opposed to the more used method of building the skeleton of the hull first. Craftsmen then spaced the floor timbers to the keel of the boat and not the hull. This created flexibility, speed, maneuverability within the boat. Modern replicas of Viking Longships have reached up to fourteen knots and could be closely compared to the speed of modern sailboats. Viking Longships were basically without any civilized religion and their ships often were created with a dragons head on the bow of the ship to protect them from evil sea spirits. The Longship was a great advantage to the Vikings. When a chief or leader died, the Longship was sometimes buried in the grave with the leader or chief. The Vikings believed that this practice would help the dead chief or leader quickly sail to Valhalla. Some dead Viking warriors were placed in their ships when they passed away. The ship would then be set on fire and they would sail away slowly. The Viking Longships basically created the Viking Age, from eight hundred to eleven hundred A. D. A misconception about this period is that the Vikings were the only group of uncivilized people who were running about plundering societies, but in actuality this was just a time where this was almost normal. There were more groups than just the Vikings plundering societies but, the Vikings were just the best at doing it. The model of the Longship paved the way for other models of ships. The Vikings pretty much had a sort of new technology. Citations: (THE VIKINGS) (Hauge, 2002) (Fitzhugh, 2005)