Should stem cell transplants be done Essay Example for Free

Should undifferentiated cell transplants be done Essay Undifferentiated cell transplants are frequently one of the last decisions a patient needs to endure malignant growth. All have just experienced chemotherapy, radiation treatment or both and this is the following stage in their treatment. Patients have two options in transplants autologous or allogeneic. In an autologous transplant undifferentiated cells are gathered from the patient and afterward offered back to them sometime in the future after the body has been appropriately arranged for transplantation. In an allogeneic transplant undifferentiated cells are gathered from a giver, related or disconnected to the patient, at that point transplanted into the patient. Immature microorganisms can be gathered in two distinct manners. One way is by means of bone marrow and the other is by means of fringe blood. The donor’s or patient’s bone marrow is gathered from the pelvis, femur or sternum, however the pelvis is the most widely recognized, and afterward implanted into the patient by means of a focal line. In a fringe blood immature microorganism assortment the benefactor or the patient has their undifferentiated cells gathered by means of a focal line in a procedure called apheresis. This can take different assortments to guarantee enough undeveloped cells for transplantation. The two techniques should be fastidiously arranged and all help prescriptions given to guarantee fruitful assortment. There are numerous diseases that undifferentiated organism transplants are usually utilized for. Numerous myeloma, intense lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin’s sickness and ceaseless myelogenous leukemia are all the more regularly rewarded with transplantation. Every one of these tumors has an alternate achievement rate, some have a higher achievement rates than with chemotherapy alone. Legitimate planning is significant for undifferentiated cell transplants. All patients experience chemotherapy before transplantation. This is utilized to get out the bone marrow of cells to guarantee an effective transplant. Additionally most patients have just experienced chemotherapy in order to cure their disease without needing an immature microorganism transplant. Chemotherapy isn't the main prescription used to help in transplants. Patients by and large get G-CSF infusions to help elevate cell creation before gather and to help in engraftment. Transplantation isn't without dangers, patients can encounter weakness, contaminations, brought down red platelets and platelets or even unite versus have ailment. These would all be able to be dealt with however with great strong consideration by the doctors and other care staff. Examination shows that foundational microorganism transplants ought to be done in specific cases since it can permit a more noteworthy personal satisfaction by freeing the assortment of malignant growth and advancing solid cell development and permitting a patient to have different alternatives of treatments to beat disease. Different myeloma is one of the malignancies that can have fruitful results by a foundational microorganism transplant. In spite of the fact that exploration shows this is anything but a genuine corrective treatment for patients, it can give them a possibility at a more drawn out life. Both autologous and allogeneic transplants should be possible for various myeloma however allogeneic transplants are increasingly effective. Bruno et al, (2007) credits this to the powerlessness of the pre-transplant chemotherapy to annihilate all myeloma cells. Likewise allografting utilizing immature microorganisms from a HLA-indistinguishable kin has higher achievement rates than transplants utilizing non HLA-indistinguishable kin. Another malignancy that has fruitful results after transplantation is intense lymphoblastic leukemia. Kiehl et al, (2004) shows that up to 46% of patients who get an allogeneic transplant have fruitful illness free endurance. Higher hazard patients and patients who are in their second total abatement ought to experience an immature microorganism transplant for a more noteworthy possibility at long haul endurance. The individuals who are in their third complete abatement, or have had enlistment disappointment, have a lower chance at an effective transplant with malady free endurance. As expressed by Kiehl et al, (2004) these patients just have a 5-15% possibility of long haul endurance regardless of transplantation. The allogeneic benefactor can either be connected or irrelevant, however the contributor of decision is a coordinated kin. This isn't generally conceivable so transplantation ought to proceed with and inconsequential giver. Hodgkin’s ailment can be effectively relieved with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, however a few patients will require transplantation sooner or later. Examination by Sureda et al, (2001) shows that these patients can accomplish long haul endurance after an autologous undifferentiated cell transplant. These patients have commonly backslid after starting chemotherapy or have unmanageable ailment. More unfortunate results after transplantation can be found in patients who have a short abatement period or massive sickness at time of transplantation. This is certifiably not a central factor in not endeavoring a transplant however. Foundational microorganism transplants keep on being the main therapeudic alternative for incessant myelogenous leukemia. A large portion of these patients get an allogeneic transplant however some experience and autologous if no contributors are accessible. Maziaz and Mauro, (2004) show that an allogeneic transplant from a kin giver had a 60% ailment free endurance at 5 years. Autologous transplants have a 80% endurance rate at 5 years however these patients are just disappearing not genuinely malady free. Age, other wellbeing variables, and giver accessibility are components to be considered before transplant. Maziarz and Mauro, (2003) raise the topic of non-transplant treatment by utilizing Imatinib. This drug is as yet being explored with respect to its adequacy and therapeudic rates. This could be a possibility for patients who are too sick to even consider undergoing a transplant. Undifferentiated organism transplants are dependent on numerous meds preceding and after transplantation. Chemotherapies are utilized to remove the bone marrow and prepared it for creation of new solid cells. Granulocyte state animating component, G-CSF, is utilized pre and post transplantation. This medicine aids cell creation for a fruitful reap and afterward for effective engraftment. High portion chemotherapies, for example, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin and Etoposide are regularly utilized before transplantation. (Schlemmer et al, 2006, Straka et al, 20003) These drugs prepared the bone marrow for transplantation by decimating cells, both great and awful. Older patients and patients who can't endure full portion treatment are regularly given dosages at a diminished rate. This doesn't diminish the odds of a fruitful transplantation. (Straka et al, 2003) Without annihilation of all cells fruitful engraftment couldn't occur. The immature microorganisms would be overwhelmed by harmful cells and the ailment would proceed. This is one motivation behind why so much chemotherapy is offered before transplantation. Granulocyte settlement invigorating element, G-CSF, is a significant piece of immature microorganism transplantation. It animates the bone marrow to deliver more leukocytes. G-CSF is utilized both pre and post transplantation. At the point when utilized pre transplantation it helps produce more lymphocytes that are then collected for transplantation. Post transplantation it is utilized to help engraftment and abatement neutropenia. Samaras et al, (2010) states the utilization of G-CSF can lessen the chance to engraftment and conceivably bring down the hazard for post-transplant diseases. There are distinctive symptoms and confusions that can emerge from transplantation. As the body is set up for transplantation, the body is deprived of its regular barriers against contamination. With no white cells to help fight against pioneering diseases a patient can turn out to be incredibly sick. They are likewise in danger for iron deficiency and thrombocytopenia as the chemotherapy additionally devastates red platelets and platelets. This is one explanation patients are kept in the emergency clinic for a long time during high portions of chemotherapy. They are likewise at proceeded with hazard after transplantation until engraftment and cell recuperation occurs. Another significant reaction that can happen is unite versus have ailment (GVHD). This is the place the contributor cells see the recipient’s body as remote and assault the body. There are 4 evaluations of unite versus have illness and they can either be intense or interminable. Intense GVHD for the most part occurs as the new cells are engrafting into the host body. Interminable GVHD can happen years after the fact and is increasingly extreme in impacts to the body. In the intense periods of GVHD the patient can be dealt with and relieved by the utilization of transient immunosuppressant treatment and steroids. Long haul immunosuppression can reduce the impacts on the body in constant GVHD. This in itself can prompt contaminations because of incessant immunosuppression. (Kiehl et al, 2004, Bruno et al, 2007) Most patients experience some degree of weakness while recuperating from transplants. This can be exacerbated by queasiness, spewing, poor hunger, rest issues and opposite symptoms of transplantation. As patients experience more weariness they become less slanted to do encourage exercises. It is essential to treat all indications adequately and urge patients to be up and moving. This can abbreviate medical clinic stays and diminish the odds of contaminations. (Programmer et al, 2006) Stem cell transplants however confounded and dangerous are as yet perhaps the best decision for some patients. They can be the last possibility at endurance for patients just as the best choice for the chance of longer life living with malignant growth. Backslide and disappointment of transplant are dangers that patients decide to take. There is an intricate arrangement of chemotherapy and steady prescriptions for transplant, however without these, transplantation would not be conceivable by any means. In spite of the fact that symptoms can occur, the advantages far exceed the dangers related with transplantation. Exploration shows that foundational microorganism transplants ought to be done in specific cases since it can permit a more noteworthy personal satisfaction by freeing the assortment of disease and advancing solid cell development and permitting a patient to have different choices of treatments to defeat malignant growth. As the years proceed and further exploration is done undifferentiated organism transplants will turn into the initial phase in thinking about malignant growth patients.

Evaluate the performance of Encana Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sample on Human Memory

Sample on Human Memory Human Memory Dec 19, 2018 in Psychology What You Need to Know about Human Memory When you are asked a question that requires you to relate to an event that occurred a while ago, the moment you open your mouth to recant the said event, you find out that you almost seem to relieve it as you go on. The feelings come rushing back as well as the sounds, the sights, the smells, the feelings and all of the emotions you felt at that particular time become almost instantly fresh again. This phenomenon occurs irrespective of the type of event you are trying to remember, whether pleasurable or traumatic but sometimes more so when it is a traumatic experience. The recalling of the event is a classic case of the memory of the individual at work. Memory is the capacity of the mind to remember and recall some things. Memory is a very important part of the human personality; humans and their reactions are a function of the memories that we have created. The part of the brain that is responsible for the acquisition storage and retrieval of memory is the temporal lobe. This part of the brain is located lateral to the skull and just above both ears (Gray, Pick Howden, 1977). This temporal lobe is also responsible for the sense of smell. This is especially significant when you notice that a particular smell/scent almost literally takes you to a different place or reminds you very poignantly about something.

Gangs in Prison Essay - 1447 Words

Introduction Prison gangs are originally formed by inmates as a way of protecting themselves from the other inmates. These gangs have turned out to be violent and thus posing a threat to security. This paper will have a look at the different gangs in prisons, their history, beliefs and missions, and the differences and similarities in these gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood The Aryan Brotherhood started in 1964 was founded by Tyler Bingham and Barry Mills who were white supremacists and Irish American bikers. It started at the San Quentin state prison. The prison group was created to protect white prisoners from the black inmates. The cause changed into revenue when the group gained power. This gang is the most violent white supremacists†¦show more content†¦This group is continuously growing both in the prison and also outside the prison. It has its dominance mostly in state prisons especially the San Quentin prison. The Black Guerrilla Family The Black Guerrilla Family was started in the year 1966 by W.L. Nolen, Lester Jackson, James Carr and other racist who were black in the San Quentin state prison in California. The founders adopted the militia structure and ideology of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The gangs were started so as to unite the black prisoners and get rid of a violent uprising. This uprising was believed to be from a racist prison administration that was white. The gang attracted thousands black American offenders, and was listed for a number of staff assaults and the murder of Marin County judge in 1970. Its territory is in California and some selected areas in the United States. It also has a paramilitary kind of structure. It has around 50,000 members. If one wants to join the gang, one has to be black and must be nominated by an existing member. They have a symbol of a dragon that is attacking a gun tower of a prison. This gang is still growing in most of the American prisons with some of its membe rs outside the confinement. The Folk Nation The Folk nation was founded in 1978, in Chicago, along with the People Nation. The Folk Nation groups include the Black Disciples, Black Gangster Disciples, the Gangster Disciples, theShow MoreRelatedPrison Gangs3155 Words   |  13 PagesPrison Gangs Prison Gangs According to (Wikipedia) a prison gang is a term used to identify any type of gang activity in prisons and correctional facilities. The difference between prison gangs and street gangs has become unclear because gang members are in and out of the prison system according to the (Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2005). Prison gangs offer more than just simple protection forRead MorePrison Gangs2927 Words   |  12 PagesPrison Gangs Michael Dooley Aiken Tech CRJ 242.013 Prison Gangs Prison gangs are flourishing across the country. Organized, stealthy and deadly, they are reaching out from their cells to organize and control crime in Americas streets. Law enforcement personal began to systematically monitor gang activities in the 1970s. Working together, their initial attempts were to identify only gangs which had some semblance of formal structure, a constitution, bylaws, mission statement, or some identifiableRead MoreWhat Are Prison Gangs? Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pages What are Prison gangs? This is a criminal association that is formed in the penal system and operates within the prison system in the United Sates. Prison gangs identify themselves with symbols, tattoos, and calls (by yelling out a chant, phrase, or word/number). Prison gangs go decades back and are still present in the prison system. What is a Prison gang initiation? It’s when current gang members induct a non-gang member into full membership. Ways of initiation include: (1) BeatRead MoreThe Endless Battle with Prison Gangs1689 Words   |  7 PagesEndless Battle with Prison Gangs As the years pass, the rate of gang affiliated crimes in the Unites States has progressed extensively, accumulating more inmates into our major prisons doubling the maximum occupancy that the jails can hold. In the U.S there are currently 33,000 active violent street, motorcycle, and prison gangs with a recorded 1.4 million members combined. The registered number of police officers is a mere 683,396; which is not even half of our countries gang population. IncrediblyRead MorePrison Gang Integration And Inmate Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The reality of prison gangs cannot be over look. Many inmates join gangs for safety and protection during their incarceration. â€Å"Prison gangs is an organization which operates within prison systems as a self-perpetuating entity, consisting a group of inmates who establishes and organize chain of commands† (Pyrooz Mitchell). They also are governed by an established prison code. Research has shown that prison gangs have effects on non-gang members and the prison system. I will examine tenRead MoreSecurity Threat Groups And Prison Gangs1665 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity threat groups and prison gangs are responsible for a lot of the crimes that occur in prison. Well-organized and highly structured prison gangs who have leaders and influences have been around decades. Gangs in prison can be described as groups whose activities pose a real threat to the safety of the institutional staff and other inmates and also to security of the correctional institution (Beth, 1991). These gangs always have strong leaders and use that leadership role to their advantageRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Prison Gangs1157 Words   |  5 PagesPrison Gangs Ever since the creation of the first prison gang the ‘Gypsy Jokers’, gangs in prisons have been a handful for officials trying to provide safety and security not only for corrections workers but for inmates as well. Prison gangs have been responsible for carrying out any number of illicit activites behind bars, these include but may not be limited to: gambling, drugs, protection, and prostitution (Knox, 2012). Over the years research for prison gangs proves difficult because of theRead MorePrison Gangs And The Criminal Justice System2009 Words   |  9 Pages000 gang members in the United States and that 24,250 of them are prison gangs, since the data research was done in May of 2017 (Statisticbrain.com)! You rarely hear about prison gangs because everything that goes on is inside the prison. When people do hear about prison gangs, it’s normally from a TV show or movie which leads the watchers to perceive prison gangs based on what they’ve watched. Typica lly, motorcycle gangs and street gangs are the most commonly heard about unlike prions gangs. I believeRead More Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesGangs and Violence in the Prison System Introduction Gang violence is nationwide and is one of the most prominent problems in the prison system today. Gangs are known to attempt to control the prisons/jails, instill fear within the prison system and throughout the society, and bring negative attention to the system. â€Å"Gang affiliated inmates comprise about 18 percent of the 18000 inmate population.†(Seabrook) A growing numbers of inmates and a large amount of them serving longer sentences forRead MoreEssay on Prison Gangs: Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness2814 Words   |  12 Pagesthe major problems of corrections today is the security threat group - more commonly known as the prison gang. A security threat group (STG) can be defined as any group of offenders who pose a treat to the security and physical safety of the institution. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, prison gangs focused primarily on uniting inmates for self protection and the monopolization of illegal prison activities for monetary gain (F.B.P., 1994, p. 2). STGs are mostly divided along racial lines and

Epitaph on a Tyrant- a Critical Analysis - 759 Words

Epitaph on a Tyrant Wyston Hughes Auden, or WH Auden, was a British poet, often considered by critics to be one of the best England has ever produced. Auden’s work is known, not only for its remarkable poetic calibre and craftsmanship but also for his skilful portrayal of myriad themes- ranging from the political, social, ethical, to the moral and even the individual. One of Auden’s best known poems and written, interestingly when Adolf Hitler was at the peak of his power in Europe, is a short, six line piece entitled- â€Å"Epitaph on a Tyrant† The poem talks about a man- an anonymous â€Å"he†- a perfectionist whose poetry was understandable and who, himself, understood â€Å"human folly† and the human psyche like â€Å"the back of his hand†. He was†¦show more content†¦In fact, there are many critics who believe that this poem was Auden’s own epitaph on Hitler- a personal ode to the man who had wielded such power in the years of his dictatorship and played no small role in shaping the world as we know it today and they had known it then. However the poem doesnot restrict itself to a merely historical purview. Auden’s poetry is such that it can be analyzed and interpreted in many more ways than just one and these interpretations themselves can change over time and circumstance. Hence, Epitaph on a Tyrant, though it does, most definitely allude to Hitler, discusses, also the very nature of tyranny itself- and presents it as the dynamic, multifaceted phenomenon it really is. By using phrases such as â€Å"poetry† and â€Å"perfection† Auden portrays the tyrant, almost as a misunderstood artist- a man who wishes to achieve the ultimate in what he shapes, through his creative abilities. On the one hand, it is believed that Auden may be talking about a different sort of tyrant- a benevolent despot whose character and personality are such that people find joy in his laughter and die in the wake of his grief. A man, who through his charisma, alone, brings together multitudes and in his knowledge regardin g human folly and his effective use of it, binds them together and achieves that elusive â€Å"perfection†- thereby rendering the phrase tyrant- ironic and obsolete. On the other hand, however, Auden couldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias 1512 Words   |  7 Pageswidely recognized as one of the greatest Egyptian pharaohs and is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Ramses the Great† due to his many accomplishments; however, throughout the ages, his physical legacy is slowly succumbing to deterioration. There are many critical reviews of this poem; however, the profound sense of irony that is conveyed is the one that resonates the greatest. Irony, as used in literature, is defined as, â€Å"a technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention orRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paper

1972 Title IX An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics Free Essays

â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www. We will write a custom essay sample on 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics or any similar topic only for you Order Now savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney. How to cite 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics, Papers 1972 Title IX An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics Free Essays â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www. We will write a custom essay sample on 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics or any similar topic only for you Order Now savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney. How to cite 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics, Essay examples

Viking Longships Essay Example

Viking Longships Paper The Vikings are peoples that were originally from Scandinavia. Scandinavia is now Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. From the eight to the eleventh century, these people originally referred to as Norsemen began to raid places in Europe and other countries they became referred to as Vikings. The name Viking, originates from the place Viken in the Oslofjord. The Oslofjord is a bay south-east of Norway. Vikings are known for plundering from other societies. They are usually shown that the whole Viking nation went out to help on these raids but, they were done mostly independent by chieftains that obtained men who were willing to aid and longships. Viking Longships are the warships of the Vikings. These ships were used mostly for raids because of their ability to travel swiftly in coastal waters, open waters, rivers, and estuaries and travel long distances. The Longships are usually in between twenty to thirty-five meters long. The largest Longship discovered was at Roskilde Harbor, which is in Demark, and it was 35 meters in length. It had the capacity to carry 72 oars and a crew of 100 men. Tree- ring analysis places this ship to be created around 1025 A. D. The Longships usually carried between twenty to sixty Viking warriors. The ship was also big enough for all the equipment that the Vikings had to transport, and the loot that they plundered. These Longships were light-weight and strong. They were created with a square sail. The square sails were made of woven wool. The sail could be pulled down over the crew to protect them during rough storms. We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Longships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The sail is what allowed the Longship to sail so quickly throughout rough seas and other waters. The sail in combination with the oars allowed for the Vikings to sail through open oceans straight through and then switch to using the oars when they were near attacks. The Longships also featured a shallow hull that allows the ship to sail up onto the beach or sail through rivers. This also aided with raiding villages that have centers on the river. Craftsmen in that time would create the boat differently by first splitting an oak tree’s trunk into long, thin planks. The craftsmen attached the boards together with iron nails then to a single sturdy keel and then to each other, with one board overlapping another. The Vikings used this clinker technique as opposed to the more used method of building the skeleton of the hull first. Craftsmen then spaced the floor timbers to the keel of the boat and not the hull. This created flexibility, speed, maneuverability within the boat. Modern replicas of Viking Longships have reached up to fourteen knots and could be closely compared to the speed of modern sailboats. Viking Longships were basically without any civilized religion and their ships often were created with a dragons head on the bow of the ship to protect them from evil sea spirits. The Longship was a great advantage to the Vikings. When a chief or leader died, the Longship was sometimes buried in the grave with the leader or chief. The Vikings believed that this practice would help the dead chief or leader quickly sail to Valhalla. Some dead Viking warriors were placed in their ships when they passed away. The ship would then be set on fire and they would sail away slowly. The Viking Longships basically created the Viking Age, from eight hundred to eleven hundred A. D. A misconception about this period is that the Vikings were the only group of uncivilized people who were running about plundering societies, but in actuality this was just a time where this was almost normal. There were more groups than just the Vikings plundering societies but, the Vikings were just the best at doing it. The model of the Longship paved the way for other models of ships. The Vikings pretty much had a sort of new technology. Citations: (THE VIKINGS) (Hauge, 2002) (Fitzhugh, 2005)

Kyrgyzstan Essays - Kyrgyzstan, Republics, Post-Soviet States

Kyrgyzstan Essays - Kyrgyzstan, Republics, Post-Soviet States Kyrgyzstan The collapse of the Soviet Union created 15 new states. These states over the last 5 years have all struggled with economic, ethnic, political and territorial problems left to them by the Soviet empire. Kyrgyzstan, is a former Soviet Republic (FSR) located in the Central Asia. This paper will give a statistical representation of the state, Kyrgyzstan. The statistical data will reflect the basic geography of the subject country containing population, size and location. This miniature report will also contain brief descriptions of current political and economic situations. Included in the current information section of this report, is an outlook for possible near future events concerning both political stability and economy. Kyrgyzstan is located in the southern area of the former Soviet Union. Its boarders are defined by China to the east (& South), Kazakhstan to the north (& Northwest), Uzbekistan directly west and Tajikistan to the south (Kyrgyzstan features 76,641 square miles of land, which consisted of .9% of the former USSR's land-mass. The land is primarily used for pastoral purposes. Only 7% of the farmable land is cultivated. The population is approximated to be 4,258,000 people (see Figure A). The Kyrgyzstan populace has experienced a 25.3% growth in population during the last 12 years (Population Growth Data from 1979-1991), and a birthrate at 29.1/1000. Population distribution is 61.9% in rural areas and 38.1% in urban centers. City & Population The top 4 cities are: Bishkek (formally Frunze) 616,000 (Capitol) Osh 213,000 Przhevalsk 64,000 Naryn 26,000 In June of 1990 ethnic violence arose in the city of Oh. Kyrgyz clashed with Uzbeks resulting in a bloody conflict which was eventually suppressed by Soviet Interior Ministry troops. This clash outlined political and economic problems present in Kyrgyzstan even when the USSR was still existent. These ethnic clashes in Oh served to cement political groups who were organizing outside of the communist party during Perestroika. It also gave voice to the large economic problems in central Kyrgyzstan. The "head of state" and leader of the communist party in Kyrgyzstan was Absamat Masaliev. Masaliev invoked policies which were rigid and served to enhance the existing social problems. Because of the decline present in the government's abilities to meet the expectations of the populace, the allowances granted by the Perestroika police and ethnic tensions, communist authority in Kyrgyzstan was challenged. The communist party's rule came to an end in October of that same year. A liberal democratic reform movement had sweeped the country and Askar Akaev was elected by a coalition vote in the Supreme Soviet (Legislature of Kyrgyzstan), resulting in the removal of Masaliev from the Presidency. Askar Akaev is a liberal politician (former head of the Academy for Sciences) and represented reform in the form of privatization and democracy. The transformation of government from communism to a liberal democracy occurred smoothly without violent uprisings or revolution. However, Akaev has opponents on both sides of the political spectrum. Masaliev, though not the president, is still the head of the communist party and very powerful. On the right, the government has to deal with the potential time bomb of ethnicity and nationalism. The current political agenda for the reform government contains these issues: economic stimulation, development of diplomatic relations with other states, privatization of property, a language purification issue and environmental concerns. These issues are all presently being address and codified in the formation of the new constitution (only economics, privatization of property and industry and language are addressed below). The industrial sector of the Kyrgyzstan economy is primarily owned by residing Russians in the capital, Bishkek. This is a point of contention in the on-going debates of land and industrial privatization between the nationalists and liberals in Kyrgyzstan. Though Kyrgyzstan is primarily an agrarian economy, an alarming amount of tension is present concerning foreign owned industry. Language purification standards are being debated in the Kyrgyz Parliament. In the 1950's the Duma passed a number of resolutions in attempts of transforming Soviet Republic languages by using a Cyrillic based alphabet. The adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet fundamentally changed the Central Asian Turkic based languages. This served in a dual purpose of dividing the Central Asian peoples by accenting their language differences

Sweet Quotes About Love by Famous People

Sweet Quotes About Love by Famous People Coo honeyed words of love in your sweethearts ears. Whisper sweet nothings, and watch a smile play on her lips. What is sweet love? Is it infatuation? Or is sweet love an affliction of the heart? Romantic authors and poets have crafted love phrases that make lovers go weak in the knees. These words speak of promise, hope, and beautiful dreams. They echo in the hearts of besotted lovers, reverberating with every heartbeat. Romantic Verses From Famous Writers Read love quotes from Shakespeare. Each romantic quote oozes nectar, and love transcends to a higher form of spirituality. William Wordsworth, Edgar Allan Poe, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and John Keats are some of the famous romantic poets who wove their words with silken strings of love. They enriched our language with romantic sayings, love proverbs, and passionate rhetoric. Even today, lovers use love quotes from classics to woo their sweetheart. Love in the Age of Instant Communication In the age of text messaging and Internet messengers,  love messages have to be bite-sized. Flowing poetry with flowery words is passà ©. Speed overrides melodrama. Your lover is just one-click away from you. So dont waste your time writing paeans of love. Make an impact with short love quotes. Instead of drumming up a climax, come straight to the point without much fanfare. Older Couples and Love Many people associate  cute love with the young generation. They believe that as you grow older, you feel less romantic. However, a large number of older couples have claimed that they often speak romantic gibberish to their partner. Older couples also enjoy cute words of love. During wedding anniversaries and birthdays, many old couples indulge in cute-talk, reminiscing their golden youth. The magic of a sweet love quote captures the heart of the young and the old alike. You are never too old, too mature, too classy, or too busy to say I love you. With every word, you weave an intricate web of happiness and create memories of togetherness. These memories help seal the deal. It is easy to unwittingly blurt out a harsh word. However, it is much easier to serenade your dearest with passionate and sweet words. Dr. Seuss You know you are in love when you cant fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams. Rosemonde Gerard For, you see, each day I love you more, Today more than yesterday and less than tomorrow. Heraclitus Couples are wholes and not wholes, what agrees disagrees, the concordant is discordant. From all things one and from one all things. Jean RostandA married couple are well suited when both partners usually feel the need for a quarrel at the same time. Alexander Smith Love is but the discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in the recognition. Keanu Reeves Falling in love and having a relationship are two different things. Barbara Johnson Never let a problem to be solved become more important than a person to be loved. Amy Grant Every good relationship, especially marriage, is based on respect. If its not based on respect, nothing that appears to be good will last very long. Joseph Barth Marriage is our last, best chance to grow up. John Fischer The success of marriage comes not in finding the â€Å"right† person, but in the ability of both partners to adjust to the real person they inevitably realize they married. George Eliot What greater thing is there for two human souls than to feel that they are joined for life – to strengthen each other in all labor, to rest on each other in all sorrow, to minister to each other in all pain, to be one with each other in silent, unspeakable memories at the moment of the last parting. Earl Wilson This would be a much better world if more married couples were as deeply in love as they are in debt. Stephen Levine If you were going to die soon and had only one phone call you could make, who would you call and what would you say? And why are you waiting? Melissa Bean Married couples who work together to build and maintain a business assume broad responsibilities. Not only is their work important to our local and national economies, but their success is central to the well-being of their families. Robert Brault For lack of an occasional expression of love, a relationship strong at the seams can wear thin in the middle. Nicholas Sparks, At First Sight Every couple has ups and downs, every couple argues, and that’s the thing you’re a couple, and couples can’t function without trust. Lenny Bruce Guys are like dogs. They keep comin back. Ladies are like cats. Yell at a cat one time, theyre gone. Joseph F. Newton People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges. Julie Marie Love is the best medicine, and there is more than enough to go around once you open your heart. Elizabeth Bowen When you love someone, all your saved-up wishes start coming out. Never close your lips to those whom you have opened your heart. William Shakespeare Men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love. W. H. Auden Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh. Alfred, Lord Tennyson Sweet is true love that is given in vain, and sweet is death that takes away pain. Ryan Gosling, The Notebook So it’s not gonna be easy. It’s gonna be really hard. We’re gonna have to work at this every day, but I want to do that because I want you. I want all of you, forever, you and me, every day. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind No, I don’t think I will kiss you, although you need kissing, badly. That’s what’s wrong with you. You should be kissed and often, and by someone who knows how. Hugh Grant, Sense and Sensibility My heart is, and always will be, yours. Tom Hanks, Sleepless In Seattle It was a million tiny little things that, when you added them all up, they meant we were supposed to be together†¦ and I knew it. Julia Roberts, Notting Hill Don’t forget I’m just a girl, standing in front of a boy, asking him to love her. Jennifer Gray, Dirty Dancing ï » ¿I’m scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I’m with you.

Critical Evaluation of KFC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Evaluation of KFC - Essay Example This paper intends to evaluate the international trade theories implemented by KFC along with its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) strategies in order to expand its business activities in the international market. Furthermore, it measures the risks associated with the performances and strategies of KFC in its business environment. In addition, the paper will focus on assessing the 4 P’s of marketing mix strategies undertaken by KFC in order to survive in the marketplace for long-term period. International Trade Theories The exchange of goods, services and capital across international boarder and/or territories is widely referred as international trade in the modern business environment. ... A culture can be treated as one of the strongest influencing factors in terms of conducting international trade between two different countries (Hodgetts & et. al., 2005). For instance, KFC is engaged with many countries including China, Mexico, Latin America, and US among others in terms of trade. These countries are different from each other to a large extent with regards to language barrier, ethnicity, religion and organizational culture among others. In addition, it also implemented the strategies focusing on merger and acquisition with three different companies operating in different market segments as well as in different regional sectors. This kind of extensive difference within the organisational culture in turn tends to increase the perplexities amid the interdependent relationship of various industrial participants. Therefore, with an intention to conduct a business in international market, KFC must take significant remedial measures such as downsizing and laying-offs in or der to deal with these difficulties regarding cultural aspects. (b) Political Factors Political factor includes the aspects such as tax policies, labour laws, tariffs and trade restrictions among others through which the government of a country interfere in the international trade procedures. In relation to these factors, organisations are quite likely to face the challenges in terms of grouping or managing the widely diversified workforce encouraging the sharing of common values and principles (Hodgetts & et. al., 2005). Hence, KFC can be observed to often undergo the threat related to the political aspects of a country when diversifying its strategic procedures in the international market. However, KFC was beneficial in conducting its business in

Crime and Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime and Theory - Essay Example Policy bureaucrats and advocates have paid a lot of concentration and allocated the most funds to the domestic violence form of couple violence. But there is beginning to be some interest amongst the public bureaucrats and community leaders in sustaining approaches that deal with couple conflict in most of the cases. These include couples and marriage education programs that teach engaged and married couples a way of communication and conflict declaration skills in order to reinforce their relationship, evade unhelpful forms of conflict that may lead to divorce and support less unfriendly co-parenting after divorce. There are various types of domestic violence, few of them are mentioned below. (Richard L. Davis., 1998). Sexual abuse is distinct as the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person to another. There are different kinds of sexual abuse which involves non-consensual, forced physical sexual deeds such as rape or sexual attack, psychological types of abuse such as oral sexual behavior, the use of a position of trust for sexual reasons and incest, when it is derived by force or emotional treatment; the euphemism is at times used to illustrate such abuse. Psychological Abuse Psychological abuse or emotional abuse is a type of abuse that is characterized by a person subjecting or revealing another to behavior that is psychologically dangerous. Psychological abuse is the obstinate infliction of mental or emotional suffering by threat, shame or other verbal or nonverbal behavior. It is frequently linked with circumstances of power inequity, such maybe as the conditions of abusive relationships and child abuse. However, it can also take place on larger ranges, for example, Group psychological abuse, racial domination and prejudice. A more gentle case might be that of place of work abuse. Workplace abuse is a large cause of workplace interrelated strain, which consecutively is a tough cause of illness, both physical and mental. When a child is emotionally abused, some may not even identify it and make it seem like daily behavior. In fact, it can have severe long term effects on the child at hand. There need not be an activist for psychological abuse to take place; one can experience self-abuse, as in the case of someone who is a depressive, or self-mutilation. In any circumstances in which the frequent and severe impact of a situation influences a person's emotional and rational thinking, in such a way that can adversely affect their lives later on. Stalking Stalking means repeating physical harassment to a person over an extended period. Laws vary between jurisdictions but may include such acts as repeated physical following, unwanted contact, observing a person's actions closely for an extended period of time, make a contact with family members, friends, or associates inappropriately and cyber stalking. Stalking can also consist of seeking and getting hold of the person's personal information in order to contact them, for example, searching for their details on computers, electoral rolls, personal files and other stuff with the person's

Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent

Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent Several studies in recent years have demonstrated curcumin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent  the presence of persistent inflammatory stimuli, which interrupt the physiological healing mechanisms. An ideal biomedical device for wound care should promote the complete regeneration of the injured tissue, effectively restore its  biological activity and aesthetic aspect, while reducing inflammation and preventing microbial invasion.1,2 Efforts for achieving this goal are leading to the replacement of traditional passive products with advanced ones.3 Among these, alginate-based dressings are attractive for their capability to release bioactive compounds and to maintain a moist environment around the wound, promoting tissue granulation and re-epithelialization.4-8Typically they are available in form of freeze-dried foams  or non-woven microfibers, though great research interest is nowadays devoted towards nanofibrous matrices. Inflammation is a physiological response to wounding and is required for wound healing to progress. However, excessive or inappropriate inflammation provides an ideal environment for bacterial infiltration and proliferation and may cause serious health problems. So, the prolonged inflammation characterizing the chronic wounds is a promising target for therapeutic interventions Active agents have been loaded in various of form of carriers such as foams,4 hydrogels,5 films,6 sponges,7 etc., and more recently in the form of polymeric nanofibers.3,8 These polymeric nanofibers have attracted special attention for use in wound dressings due to their very fine diameter, highly porous structure, and so on.1,9 A popular and inexpensive technique for fabricating polymeric nanofibers is electrospinning (ES).3 In particular, nanofibers produced by electrostatic spinning have high potentiality in the wound healing field because their porosity promotes nutrient transport and gas permeation, their morphological organization mimics the native tissue, and their mechanical properties can be engineered.5,9-11 The intrinsic high surface area of nanofibers is also attractive for the delivery of drugs and active agents.2,1 The large surface area of the fiber matrix allow for increased interaction with the tissue,  thereby serves as a substrate for the sustained delivery of bioactive molecules as well as to  modulate cellular functions during regeneration Nanofibers fabricated by ES have an extremely large specific surface area, high porosity, and good pore interconnectivity.10,11 These properties are very similar to the natural extracellular matrix structure that supports cell attachment and proliferation.12 It was found that active ingredients can be encapsulated directly into nanofibers by electrospinning a mixture solution containing an agent and a polymer.9,13 Because of their unique properties, the electrospun nanofibers can meet the ideal equirements for wound dressing in that they (1) promote a hemostatic phase, (2) provide a moist environment that stimulates wound healing, (3) protect the wound from bacterial penetration, (4) functionalize dressings by incorporating therapeutic agents, and (5) potentially leave no scars.1,14 The use of biopolymers capable of ES for wound dressing is becoming inevitable because they can generate safe environmental products and easily be washed of the wound surface.1,3 A variety of biopolymers such as PVA,3PLA,11poly(urethane),14  gelatin,15 chitosan,16 polycaprolactone (PCL),17 and some blends of these biopolymers have been electrospun and evaluated  for wound dressing. PCL is a semi-crystalline polymer well known for its nonimmunogenicity, slow biodegradability, and high  biocompatibility.17,18 Due to its non-toxic in nature and flexible mechanical properties, PCL is ideal material for wound dressing and tissue engineering.18,19 Although PCL nanofiber mat closely mimics the natural extracellular matrix, its hydrophobicity reduces cell attachment. addition of PEG in PCL result in   high cell affinity and porous surface of the nanofiber mats   and support cell  proliferation. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid contained in many plant extracts [1]. Many polyphenolic compounds, including chrysin, are known to have multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammation [2,3], anti-cancer [4,5], anti-oxidation [6,7], and estrogenic effects [6] Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone structure shown in Fig. 1), a flavonoid, is the main component of Oroxylum indicum ( Sun et al., 2006), which is one herbal medicine commonly used in China and other East Asian countries, and has been officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for a long time (Editorial committee, 1999). Like other flavonoids, chrysin exhibits many biological activities and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant (Chaudhuri et al., 2007), anti-inflammatory (Fishkin and Winslow, 1997), anticancer (Habtemariam, 1997) and antihypertension (Villar et al., 2002). Chrysin also has the potential for clinical and therapeutic applications against the physiological and biochemical effects of aging (Chakraborty et al., 2009). In spite of these unique biological activities of curcumin, the in vivo stability and  bioavailablity of the molecule is very low Here we show that dressings constituted by electrospun nanofibers of sodium alginate containing lavender essential  oil are effective for the treatment of UVB-induced skin injuries. In vitro studies revealed that these entirely natural systems were  highly biocompatible and able to inhibit the proliferation of S. aureus. Together with antibacterial activity, the produced alginate based nanofibers expressed a remarkable anti-inflammatory efficacy that was demonstrated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide stimulated human foreskin fibroblasts, and in vivo on rodent model of UVB burns. In particular, a significant decrement of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed for both cells and animals. Interestingly, no marks of erythema were detected on the skin of the injured animals that were treated with the electrospun dressings, indicating that the treatment promptly stopped the inflammatory response. Differently from other topical preparations for the management of burn wo unds, the here described biomedical devices perform dual functions (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) and, thus, have potentialities to fill the void of multifunctional dressings that the market is still facing The objective of this study was to develop curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by the process of electrospinning and to evaluate  the biological activity of the curcumin loaded fibers using in vitro and in vivo methods. We investigated the feasibility of developing bead free curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by controlling the elecrospinning parameters. The bioactivity of encapsulated curcumin in the nanofibers was investigated using various in vitro methods and comparisons were made against the corresponding PCL nanofibers. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of the curcumin loaded PCL fibers vs PCL fibers was evaluated using healing impaired diabetic mouse model. in view of the high level of oxidative stress and persistent inflammation associated with delayed  healing in diabetic wounds, the present study was conducted to investigate the temporal wound healing potential of topically applied curcuminin diabetic rats The increased oxidative stress is one of the most common complications for the delayed wound healing in diabetics [3]. Therefore, reduction/ termination of the persistent inflammation and elimination of free radicals by the introduction of an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant into the treatment of wounds could be an important strategy to improvehealing of diabetic wounds.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly

In their chapter on ghosts in literature, Bennett and Royle propose that nineteenth century literature altered the widespread understanding of ghosts. The ghost now ‘move[d] into one's head. The ghost is internalised: it becomes a psychological symptom, and no longer a thing that goes bump in the night†¦ ‘ (p. 133). Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley certainly provides evidence for this argument that nineteenth century Gothic literature became more concerned with the haunted consciousness than the haunted house (Byron 2004: Stirling University). The tale like all Gothic works is concerned with the uncanny, and if we believed the popular representation of Frankenstein, we could be fooled into thinking that it is simply about a terrifying, grotesque monster. However, is this actually what Shelley's novel is about? By paying particular attention to chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein, and using Bennett and Royle's chapter on ghosts, I will consider to what extent Frankenstein can be described as a ghost story. Before we start to look at Frankenstein itself, we should first look at the context in which it was written. As is well known, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein when travelling in Geneva with her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. In her preface to Frankenstein, Shelley tells the reader that ‘in the evenings we crowded around a blazing wood fire, and, occasionally amused ourselves with some German stories of ghosts†¦ ‘ She goes on to describe how ‘these tales excited us in a playful desire of imitation. [Percy Shelley, Lord Byron]†¦ and myself agreed to write each a story, founded on some supernatural occurrence' (Norton Anthology, p. 908). So before we have even read her tale, we know that she initially intended to write it as some form of ghost story. Did Shelley achieve her goal? Chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein does seem to provide evidence to the presence of the theme of the supernatural. This is the chapter in which Victor and his creature are reunited after Victor first ran away after bringing the creature to life because he was terrified by its horrific appearance. Prior to this, our only impression of the creature was very much a mysterious one; we knew him only by Victor's description of his hideous and deformed appearance. Now we get to ‘meet' him for ourselves, and our first impression may be that of shock; not because of his appearance (as of course we never really know what the creature looks like) but due to the eloquence with which he speaks. As Sparknotes summarise, ‘The monster's eloquent narration of events†¦ reveals his remarkable sensitivity and benevolence. ‘ The creature tells Victor of the pain and rejection he has had to suffer with great emotion; ‘All men hate the wretched; how then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! (Norton Anthology, p. 960). His expressive words show us that the creature is not a purely evil being, as Victor would have had us believe. The creature's appearance has an otherworldly attribute, simply because we never know and never will know what he actually looks like; we can only rely on Victor's and Walton's descriptions which may be biased, and so his appearance remains a secret. Nicholas Abraham ventures that ‘ghosts have to do with unspeakable secrets' (Bennett and Royle, p. 134). As we know, Frankenstein felt his secret of creating life was unspeakable to his family and friends – the only person he recounts his tale to is Walton (that the reader knows of anyway). On the other hand, Victor never constantly reiterates the creature's horrific appearance, and pays much less attention to the humane, sensitive side of the creature. This turns out to be a fatal and tragic mistake, as the creature's human characteristics turn out to be the most important; it is his humane side that becomes blackened by rejection of society, and causes the creature to kill Victor's family and friends and eventually, Victor himself. The way in which the creature appears before Victor in this chapter is also extremely eerie. He ‘bound[s] over the crevices in the ice' as an answer to Victor's call to the spirits. Victor pleads with them ‘Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your narrow beds, allow me this faint happiness, or take me, as your companion, away from the joys of life' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The fact that the creature's arrival comes when Victor is pleading for someone to carry him away from his worries by means of death could foreshadow who Victor's ‘saviour' will be. The creature also has a distinguishable effect on Victor when the two are reunited; he becomes the catalyst to cause Victor to become haunted only by his sheer animal hatred of the creature. As the creature approaches Victor, Victor describes how ‘anger and hatred had at first deprived me of utterance, and I recovered only to overwhelm him with words expressive of furious detestation and contempt' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The creature has a ghostlike effect on Victor, as he causes him to become paralysed, not by fear however, but by his pure loathing for him. If we take this further, we could even venture to say that from the creature's animation right until Victor's death, the creature ‘initiates a haunting theme that persists throughout the novel-the sense that the monster is inescapable, ever present, liable to appear at any moment and wreak havoc' (Sparknotes). Victor constantly lives in fear from the appearance of the creature, and also fears that he will kill all his family and friends. The way in which Frankenstein is narrated also carries on this haunting theme. It is told through a series of multiple narratives, as if Shelley was trying to recreate the way in which scary stories are passed down through generations, and perhaps also how they change over time. A noteworthy example of the creature's haunting effect on Victor comes when the two are reunited on the glacier. Victor describes with horror the feeling that came over him as he ‘beheld the figure of a man†¦ advancing towards me with superhuman speed. ‘ He tells the reader that ‘I felt a faintness seize me; but I was quickly restored by the cold gale of the mountains. I perceived as the shape came nearer, (sight tremendous and abhorred! that it was the wretch whom I had created. I trembled with rage and horror†¦ ‘ (Norton Anthology, p. 959). Victor must have, on some level, expected a reunion with his creature at some point; he knew he could only run from him for so long. However, his guilt has haunted him from the creature's creation, and so it could be that the creature is simply the embodiment of all of Victor's guilt and remorse for acting like God. This could explain why he is overwhelmed with horror – not by the creature's appearance, but because now he has to face his guilt head on, which he has attempted to put out of his mind for so long. We should also observe that Victor says he was ‘restored by the cold gale of the mountains' (Norton Anthology, p. 959) when he feels faint. This is the chapter in which the theme of sublime nature becomes utterly important in regard to understanding Victor Frankenstein, his creature and their remarkable relationship (Sparknotes). The majestic scenery of nature affects Victor's moods, has the power to move him and remind him of good times and also bad times. In a striking example, he goes so far as to say that ‘these sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This comment may show that Victor takes greater comfort in God's creation, that is, nature, than his own family, to whom he has not told his awful secret, and thus a barrier has been created. Victor has chosen instead to isolate himself and take comfort from the inanimate and almost haunting scenes around him. The changing weather can also arouse in Victor his feelings of despondency. He remarks ‘†¦ the rain poured down in torrents, and thick mists hid the summits of the mountains. I rose early, but felt unusually melancholy. The rain depressed me; my old feelings recurred, and I was miserable' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This could reveal that Victor's moods are ruled by some absent yet ever-present being – perhaps God. God is notable primarily by his distinct absence in the novel (Byron 2004: Stirling University). However, the way that Victor does not appear to have the power to control his own feelings could show us that he has lost some of his own life and vitality in creating the creature, and now leaves it up to the changing nature and weather to control his emotions. The place where Victor and his creature meet is also significant, as it first introduces the idea of the creature being Victor's doppelganger. The fact that they both meet at a rather random scene of beauty rather than an actual place could show that they are both isolate creatures, albeit that Victor is isolated because he chooses to be, and the creature because he has to hide from human eyes. The language that Victor uses indicates to the reader that he would prefer to be alone with his secret in nature than with other people. He uses phrases such as ‘solitary grandeur' and ‘terrifically desolate' (Norton Anthology, p. 958) to describe the scenes around him, and perhaps also his state of mind. The creature, like Victor, is affected by beautiful nature around him, and feels that ‘the desert mountains and dreary glaciers are my refuge,' (Norton Anthology, p. 960) which also reflects how Victor feels. The creature and Victor are both so at home in nature, which could stress that there is more to this relationship than meets the eye; are these two really so different? Many modern critics believe that the creature is Victor's doppelganger. In earlier Gothic literature, evil was generally located in an external source, but Frankenstein sees a turn inwards to a focus on the evil within ourselves (Byron 2004: Stirling University). Bennett and Royle propose that ‘conflicting senses of the word ‘ghost' suggest ghosts are both exterior and central to our sense of the human' (p. 132). The creature in Frankenstein is the embodiment of this confusion. While he is physically exterior, he also pervades Victor's consciousness. It has to be remembered that it was Victor who created the creature, and so perhaps the creature is Victor's doppelganger, as he is ‘the embodiment of an internal and irreparable division in the human psyche' (Byron 2004: Stirling University). It is possible to see that the gaps between Frankenstein and his creature are not as wide as we may have initially believed. However, while I do believe that Frankenstein is a ghost story to a very large extent, I do not think one could describe the tale of Frankenstein without, at some point, mentioning the genre of science fiction. While at once being Gothic and having the style of the German ghost stories that Shelley and her companions were reading on their travels, the story would have much less of an impact if it were not for the role that science plays in the book. Victor becomes obsessed by the secret of life in the book, and it is he who creates the ‘ghost' in the story, so it is not simply a case of the bogey man in Frankenstein. The creature challenges our way of thinking about ghosts because he was brought to life made of dead parts, as if life can spring from death with the use of science. So, while I would argue that the tale is most definitely a ghost story, I do not think that Frankenstein would have become such a literary classic if Shelly had not chosen to use the role of science to show us what can happen if we mere mortals meddle too much with God's prerogative.

Emotional Intelligence And The Health Care Setting

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Immigration Reform A Very Touchy Subject - 858 Words

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