William Shakespeares Hamlet - 1308 Words

William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughout the play and most importantly, his soliloquy. Hamlet is characterized as being very unsure of himself, which leads to much confusion. He contemplates his virtue in life, something many people struggle with to understand. One problem that†¦show more content†¦He feels the longer he delays the plan to kill Claudius, the bigger the coward he will be, and the harder he will be on himself for not doing so. Hamlet has a lot of resentment towards Claudius because he has taken his father’s place and married his mother. He feels as though Claudius betrayed him and his father, so he seeks revenge. He does not believe that Claudius deserves the right to the throne, or even the right to live. While he is speaking to Horatio, he makes a comment about Claudius. â€Å"He that hath killed my king, and whored my mother, Popped in between the election and my hopes.† (5, 2, 63-65). This is Hamlet’s way of clarifying that he needs to kill Claudius. Although he is saying it to Horatio, he is really telling himself this so he feels he has good reasoning to kill Claudius. He also feels he needs to pay respect to his father by getting rid of Claudius. Also, by killing Claudius, Hamlet thinks he can prove himself to be brave in front of Ophelia, his potential wife. He wants to show her that even though murdering Claudius is a sin, he can protect her and stand up for what is true and honorable, so he wants to her to remember what he does to Claudius. He calls out to her during his soliloquy; â€Å"The fair Ophelia. – Nymph, in thy orisons; be all my sins remembered.† (3, 1, 90-91). Hamlet would rather have Ophelia remember his sins that to deal with his circumstance. He ends his relationship with her so she will not get in his way of killingShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. T he majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudiuss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |  9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet and

Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Diabetess is a status in which the organic structure either fails to properly respond to its ain insulin, does non do adequate insulin, or both. This causes glucose to roll up in the blood, frequently taking to assorted complications. It is a life endangering status. We will write a custom essay sample on Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holocene WHO calculations indicate that worldwide about 3 million deceases per twelvemonth are attributable to diabetes. [ 1 ] 23.6 million people in the USA i.e. 7.8 % of the population have diabetes. 2.3 million people in the UK are diabetics doing 8.8 % of population. In Pakistan 22.04 % of the population in urban and 17.15 % in rural countries suffer from diabetes mellitus. [ 2 ] Currently, it is projected that 150 million people on the Earth have diabetes [ 2 ] . This figure is expected to increase to 300 million by the twelvemonth 2025 ; most of these instances will be type 2 diabetes [ 2 ] . The prevalence of type 2 diabetes varies widely between populations, reflecting differences in both familial susceptibleness and environmental influences [ 1 ] . The Asia and the Pacific have really high rates of diabetes and this is peculiarly due to the effects of modernisation, life style and the ripening of populations [ 1 ] . In fact, despite increasing consciousness of the turning job of diabetes and the recent publication of a figure of anticipations of current and future prevalence of diabetes worldwide, the U.S. is the lone state in the developed universe with dependable informations on national prevalence [ 7 ] . We conducted this survey in Civil Hospital Karachi, a third attention infirmary to measure the current state of affairs of the rapid rise in diabetes in our patients and to place the associated factors which have contributed to this. After finishing this survey we recommended alterations to the relevant authorization on territory and National degree so that appropriate stairss can be taken to screen out this job which is increasing the economic load on our state where the wellness budget is less than 2 per centum. Methodology This is a cross-sectional survey conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi over a period of 7 months ( from 1st January to 31st July 2009 ) Data was collected by questioning the patients sing Medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi through a good structured questionnaire. Stress degrees were evaluated by inquiring patients about insomnia ( in the past one month ) . A written consent for the afore-mentioned was taken from each patient. Initially a pilot survey was conducted questioning 10 patients sing medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi. Any lacks in the questionnaire and method of the survey were corrected. The sample size was 450 ( approved by the DUHS Ethics and Research Dept. ) . which was non likely purposive sampling. Our chief aim was to measure the frequence of diabetes mellitus and associated factors in patients go toing medical OPD for which the patients included were holding a Fasting Plasma Glucose ( FPG ) degree of 126 mg/dL or above, which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( OGTT ) 2-hour glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or above which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours, A random, blood glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or higher, and the presence of increased micturition, thirst and unexplained weight loss other symptoms can include weariness, blurred vision, increased hungriness, and sores that do non mend. Diabetic Patients with a diagnosing of high blood pressure i.e when the norm of 2 or more diastolic BP measurings on at least 2 consecutive visits is 90 millimeter Hg or when the norm of several systolic BP readings on 2 or more subsequent visits is invariably 140 millimeter Hg. [ 10 ] PASW-18 ( Predictive Analytics Software ) was used for statistical analysis. For uninterrupted response variables like age, BMI, weight were presented by average  ± SD. General distribution was presented by ratio ( M: F ) or per centums. For comparing demographic and basic diabetes variables were used. The survey was given blessing by the moralss Review Committee of Dow University Of Health Sciences ( DUHS ) Consequences: The frequence of Diabetes found in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.71 % .The Mean BMI was 25.2489 ±5.733. The frequence of Type 1 was 14 % and type 2 was 85.7 % .The most susceptible age group was 50-60 with a prevalence per centum of 19.8 % . The patients who besides reported stress related issues were 60.2 % and the patients with first grade relations holding diabetes were 51 % . Patients who besides complained of Hypertension along with diabetes were 58.2 % BMI of Patients Nitrogen Scope Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation BMI of platinum 450 52.26 12.92 65.18 25.2489 5.73306 High blood pressure patient with emphasis Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage no 187 41.8 % no 178 39.8 % yes 260 58.2 % yes 269 60.2 % household history type of DM Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage no 219 49 % type 1 62 14 % yes 228 51 % type 2 388 86 % patient exercising Frequency Percentage no 355 78.8 % yes 95 21.2 % Discussion: The frequence of Diabetes mellitus in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.72 % . This is significantly higher from the prevalence as far because we chiefly collected our informations from an already High Risk Population. Harmonizing to W.H.O 2.8 million i.e. 9 % in UK and 22.04 % in Pakistan are diabetics. [ 1 ] WHO estimates that over the following 10 old ages ( 2006-2015 ) , China will lose $ 558 billion in bygone national income due to bosom disease, shot and diabetes entirely. [ 2 ] Numerous surveies have been conducted in the past linking Diabetes with assorted hazard factors. These surveies showed that additions in fleshiness and diabetes among US grownups continue in male and female, all smoke degrees, all ages, all educational degrees, and in all races reasoning that fleshiness is strongly associated with several major wellness hazard factors. In 2001 the prevalence of fleshiness ( BMI 30 ) was 20.9 % vs 19.8 % in 2000, an addition of 5.6 % . The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9 % vs 7.3 % in 2000, an addition of 8.2 % . The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3 % . Overweight and fleshiness were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin, asthma, arthritis, and hapless wellness position. [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] Type 2 diabetes, characterized by target-tissue opposition to insulin, is like an epidemic largely in industrialised societies and is strongly associated with fleshiness ; nevertheless, the mechanism by which increased adiposeness causes insulin opposition is ill-defined. A survey was conducted to find the prevalence and impact of corpulence and fleshiness among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus on glycaemic control and cardiovascular hazard factors in patients go toing a secondary attention diabetes clinic in the United Kingdom. The consequences showed that Obesity is common among patients go toing this infirmary ‘s diabetes clinic, with 86 % of those with type 2 diabetes were corpulent. Among the Chinese Adult population steps of cardinal fleshiness are better forecasters of glucose tolerance abnormalcies prevalence than BMI. A WHtR cut-off point of 0.5 for both work forces and adult females can be considered as optimum for foretelling ( pre- ) diabetes and may be a utile tool for testing and wellness instruction. [ 13 ] In the US Nurses ‘ Health Study, 114,247 adult females were followed for 8 old ages and 2,333 instances of type 2 diabetes were confirmed. After commanding for multiple hazard factors, the comparative hazard of diabetes was 1.42 among adult females who smoked 25 or more coffin nails a twenty-four hours compared with non-smokers, proposing a sensible association between smoke and the consequent development of diabetes. [ 16 ] A similar survey of 41,810 in-between aged work forces found that those who smoked more than 25 coffin nails daily had a comparative hazard of diabetes of 1.94 compared with non-smokers. [ 17 ] Smoking compounds the diabetic jobs Smoking which causes type 2 diabetes can impact the other manner unit of ammunition, excessively. Diabetics who smoke are at more hazard of worsening their wellness jobs. Diabetics who smoke are at a higher hazard ( three times ) to decease of bosom onslaught and shot than diabetics who do non smoke moreover blood glucose, blood force per unit area, cholesterin degrees and the opportunity of infections shoots up among diabetics as smoke amendss the blood vass of these patients which makes harder for their organic structure to mend. They can eventually stop up in amputations. Diabetics who already suffer from kidney, nervus and joint disease can damage the same when they smoke. Diabetics who continue to smoke face trouble in contending against cold and other respiratory diseases and are prone to develop dangerous malignant neoplastic diseases in oral cavity, pharynx, lung and vesica. They besides have greater hazard of being impotent taking to psychological and societal jobs. Decision: Pakistan has a quickly lifting prevalence of diabetes and other classs of unnatural glucose tolerance. Pakistan is in one of the most High hazard countries of the universe where Diabetes is prevailing. The prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan is one of the highest yet reported from a developing state with a contrasting background as compared to the western states. The frequence of Diabetes mellitus found in our research survey was 19.71 % . The most important associations were Patient ‘s age, Obesity, Stress, Family History, Ethnic group, diet and Hypertension. Recommendations: Early sensing and bar of diabetes in the high hazard group is of import in order to forestall the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus. Designation of High hazard group their societal, life manner and dietetic alteration may cut down the development of diabetes. The survey was conducted in order to place the incidence and associated factors of diabetes in our population. 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Changing Face of HRM

Question: Discuss about theChanging Face of HRM. Answer: Introduction Human Resource Management or precisely known has HRM is a subject to a number of debates pertaining to its importance and relevance in an organization. However with the changes taking places in the organization, the functions of the human resource department in any organization has been overwhelmingly increasing. It has increased to such an extent that it is nearly impossible now to conceive an organization without the Human Resource Department. The aim of the essay is to bring out the growing relevance of HRM in any industry and how the changing nature of the society has a direct impact on the practices of the HR people in an organization. (Guest, 2011).We would also try and analyse the various changes taking place in the social, political, cultural and economic aspect across the globe. These changes in turn are giving rise to a number of challenges that the organizations have to face in order to stay in business. This means that the issues arising in any organization is primarily dealt with the help of Human Resource Department (Farndale, Scullion and Sparrow, 2010). Thus thismakestheir role in any organization is inevitable. The changing trends and challenges that are usually being faced by the HR people in an organization which will be discussed are mainly: The stepped-up competition for talent New development in technology Demographic changes In the due course we will bring out how each challenge is having a direct impact on the HR planning of an organization, leading to transformation in rules and policies of the same (Dessler, 2013). Before going on elaborating on the changing nature of HRM in any industry, we first need to have a clear conception of the term HRM which we would often be referring to in the essay. HRM is a coherent and strategic approach to management of an organizations most values assets the people working there, either individually or collectively who contribute to the achievement of objectives that the organization aims for (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). Summing it up, Human Resource Management is to MINDE i.e. managed, inspire, nurture, develop and engage. HRM has an all-embracing function dealing with all the aspect of an organization. Thus if any changes of any nature take place in any organization, the direct impact would be on none other than the HR people as going by their functions form the backbone of the industries today. (Armstrong and Taylor, 2011).The HR are sought to be all-rounders, having an idea about the function of all the departments of the company. They ensure that the indivi dual along with their own growth, work for the bigger aim to attain the objectives of the company.(Nickson, 2013). One thing that should be clearly kept in mind is that the organizations are affected internally by changes taking place for e.g. changes in policies and regulations, trade union factor, culture and conflict of the organization and professional bodies present in the organization. (Tarique and Schuler, 2010).However along with the internal changes external factors like cultural changes taking place in the world, the technological developments and constant inventions that is witnessed with each passing day. The economic growth and fluctuations faced by the various countries and the political legal scenario also play a major in influencing the terms and conditions of an organization (Tymaon, Stumpf and Doh, 2010). Going by the impact the various challenges are that an industry is facing we first need to analyse the nature of the challenges. Observation of the challenges that are taken up for discussion, we see that all the trends whose influence we are trying to assess are external factors. The main trend which in reality is a matter of concern is the stepped-up competition of talent in the market (Jiang, Lepak, Hu and Baer, 2012). There is constant competition to attract the best kind of labour in the market. Each company with the help of their policies of work ethics, development and growth tries to attract the best of the lot. Attracting and acquisition of a person and their skills is not the issue today, the problem revolves around the retention of the person in the long run. Companies are offering neck to neck competition in the market today. They are adapting strategies like offering high salary packages , relaxed shifts or work conditions, flexibility of time , recreational facilities and the like , they try to attract the most skilled people in the company (Mandhanya and Shah, 2010). For e.g., ITC or the India Tobacco Company, a leading FMCG company tries to acquire the creamy layers of the society by offering a higher salary package to the its employees along with other perks and benefits in order to retain them in the long run. Phillips India Limited for that matter provides the option of work from home to their employees to ensure their convenience. What we need to accept is the fact that there is dearth of talent in the market today, thus the HR personnels are try to mould the policies of their or ganization in a such a manner that they can get the apt people for the diverse kinds of job they are offering. Google, for example is regarded as the best company to work for as they provide the best of facilities for their employees. This is done so because they can be best in the market. They are investing in the employees in return for the output given by them. This would help them increase their productivity.(Scarbrough and Corbett, 2013). The strategy is formulated in such a manner that they promote the individual development of an organization in line with the ultimate objective of the organization. For this purpose, it is often seen that the companies also map out career plan for their employees to keep them motivated and give them a clear vision of what they have to do in the organization (Fee, 2014). This shows that the rat race for acquiring the best kind of talent for their organization plays a direct role in the formulation of the policies for the HR department (Mondy Mondy, 2013). It is also ensure that they provide what the others in the market cannot. This is not only with respect to the monetary compensation but also the social and psychological aspects. The next challenge faced by the HR department and the hospitality industry today is the new developments that are taking place in the world. If we trace the history, technology has played an important role in shaping up the organizational structure. Initially most of the work in any industry was done manually which means that more labour force rather more people were required to carry out the tasks. At the end the production was also low as compared to the work which is done manually. ( Choi, Lee and Yoo, 2010).However with industrial revolution and other technological transformations taking place in the due course of time replaced manual labour with machines which obviously changed the face of many policies of the company. Lesser people were now required to carry out the same task. However specialized labour was now required to operate the systems and various machines. The role of the HR manager is to handle the technological advancement and of course the people along with it in such a way that factors like employee management and team building does not come as challenge in front of them. This is usually done by improvising the concept of change management in their systems. When something new or different is introduced in the organization, the Human Resource manager takes the responsibility of ensuring that the employees are well acquainted with the new system. They also provide them with requisite skills for dealing with the same (C G Davidson, McPhail and Barry, 2011).For e.g., if a new software package is introduced in the company, the employees are given adequate training to operate that software. This is where the major role of the HR personnel comes in the scenario. Previously, their task was merely restricted to the recruitment and allotting their packages as per their qualification but now there is much more to the picture. With the changes taking place in technology, HRM in any organization now tries to constantly try to keep pace with the changes otherwise it would be impossible to manage the people. Taking the example of Canon, a multinational camera manufacturing company was first of its kind in manufacturing new types of cameras with focal lenses (Mellow, 2011). However with the advancement in technology what we see in fashion is the coming of the high resolution camera phones.This made the camera market almost obsolete in nature. In order to cope with this change, the organization thought of utilizing the lenses they specialized and diversified their system of production by now manufacturing Xerox and photocopy machines which was then gaining rapid importance in the market (Daley, 2012).This example clearly shows us how HR department alo ng with other line managers coped up with a crisis with the help of their innovative policies. This was in line with the advancements and most importantly change management. Another inevitable and important change that takes place in any organization is the demographic changes. As the labour force is very diverse now, industries try to make a good amount of change in their approach towards people management. If we take in the ageing population into consideration, it should be kept in mind that with the change in generation the HR implications are also changing in the same manner. (Boehm, Kunze and Bruch, 2014). A major demographic change that is taking place is the increase in the number of female employees in organization. Where the HR people were accustomed to dealing with men, new strategies have to be planned to suit both the generations. For the same cause, benefits that are especially created for the convenience of the women like maternity leaves have been thought of to ensure that their satisfaction and comfort?(Dowling et al, 2013). With the new generation constantly trying to be innovative in the way they do things, cannot be dealt with in the same manner as one deals with the older employees. What motivates a young person and a relatively old person can be very different. For that matter even the vision they have can be antagonistic in nature (Ernst Kossek, Lewis and Hammer, 2010).Thus the HR has to ensure that their strategic planning is tailor fit for the age group they are dealing with. For example, a perk like a free holiday trip would not excite or motivate an older employee as compared to younger one. Thus demographic changes directly influence the plans and policies of an organization. With the changing society, we see a drastic change in the organizational pattern as well of the industries. Human Resource Management now acquires an innovative and unique way of dealing with the people of the company which was earlier much lighter in nature. HR managers have the most important role to play in the organization because they are responsible for managing people, men being social animal with the ability to reason and question becomes a major problem. HRM has acquired a prominent role in the society owing to functions it now performs in any organization - from planning to application , from mere organizing to skilful training , the functions of an HR has come a long way. The companies and industries that operate in the 21st century have been carved out of their HR practices itself. This is done in accordance with the changing times and the challenges they are facing (Patrick Neumanand Dul, 2010 ).The trends and challenges a company faces gives it a new face altogether by reforming its policies and restructuring its regulation. If any organization fails to cope up with the changing trends or are unable to find methods to overcome these changes that are unavoidable, the company would slowly perish. The major impact mostly on the organizations after facing the challenges is to change- a change in accordance with need of the hour or what the situations demand for per se. The external challenges are in fact healthy for any organization as they teach the companies to be on their toes. They help them in brainstorming various new ways of handling the change.(Thunnison,Boselie and Fruytier, 2013). Of course the challenges do become problematic for the organizations at times, but then again this is the spirit of competition. Furthermore, when they overcome these challenges, such organizations are mostly found at the winning end. References: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Boehm, S. A., Kunze, F., Bruch, H. (2014). Spotlight on age?diversity climate: The impact of age?inclusive HR practices on firm?level outcomes.Personnel Psychology,67(3), 667-704. Boxall, P., Purcell, J. (2011).Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. CG Davidson, M., McPhail, R., Barry, S. (2011). Hospitality HRM: past, present and the future.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,23(4), 498-516. Choi, S. Y., Lee, H., Yoo, Y. (2010). The impact of information technology and transactive memory systems on knowledge sharing, application, and team performance: a field study.MIS quarterly, 855-870. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resource management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Dessler, G.(2013).Human resource management. (13th ed). Boston, Ma: Pearson Higher Ed. Dowling, P.J., Festing, M., Engler, A.D.(2013).International Human resource management.(6th ed).South Melboune, Vic:Cengage. Ernst Kossek, E., Lewis, S., Hammer, L. B. (2010). Worklife initiatives and organizational change: Overcoming mixed messages to move from the margin to the mainstream.human relations,63(1), 3-19. Farndale, E., Scullion, H., Sparrow, P. (2010). The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management.Journal of World Business,45(2), 161-168. Fee, M. C. (2014). Human resources management. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human resource management journal,21(1), 3-13. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Mandhanya, Y., Shah, M. (2010). EMPLOYER BRANDING-A TOOL FOR TALENT MANAGEMENT.Global Management Review,4(2). Mellow, J.A., (2011). Strategic Human Resource Management. (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning. Mondy, R.W., and Mondy, J.B. (2013). Human Resource Management. (13th ed.). Boston, MA:Pearson. Nickson, D. (2013).Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events. Routledge. Patrick Neumann, W., Dul, J. (2010). Human factors: spanning the gap between OM and HRM.International journal of operations production management,30(9), 923-950. Scarbrough, H., Corbett, J. M. (2013).Technology and Organization (RLE: Organizations): Power, Meaning and Deisgn. Routledge. Tarique, I., Schuler, R. S. (2010). Global talent management: Literature review, integrative framework, and suggestions for further research.Journal of world business,45(2), 122-133. Thunnissen, M., Boselie, P., Fruytier, B. (2013). Talent management and the relevance of context: Towards a pluralistic approach.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), 326-336. Tymon, W. G., Stumpf, S. A., Doh, J. P. (2010). Exploring talent management in India: The neglected role of intrinsic rewards.Journal of World Business,45(2), 109-121.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur eu mauris sed sapien fringilla tristique laoreet iaculis leo. Morbi eu vehicula dui. Donec pretium efficitur felis. Fusce in felis eu lacus sagittis iaculis. Suspendisse id metus laoreet, efficitur est eget, condimentum dui. Nam nec mauris malesuada, fringilla nisl et, sagittis lorem. Fusce pellentesque quam et massa feugiat molestie. Aliquam erat volutpat. Sed sit amet nisi aliquet dui tincidunt sollicitudin ut sed felis. Quisque mauris sem, pharetra eu tincidunt nec, eleifend in tortor. Pellentesque malesuada dolor ac risus sollicitudin consequat. Vivamus mollis eros at est lobortis aliquet vitae vitae ligula. Aliquam eleifend faucibus leo dapibus fermentum. Integer porta vel orci eget lobortis. Etiam sollicitudin facilisis egestas. Nam et lectus in mi porta lacinia. Pellentesque ut viverra mi. Aliquam libero arcu, tempor sit amet nunc vitae, sodales sagittis purus. Morbi id nisi erat. Donec venenatis velit in eros viverra, vitae tincidunt massa pharetra. Mauris eu nibh mi. Suspendisse pharetra, ipsum non sollicitudin tincidunt, nibh justo feugiat libero, in ornare lacus ipsum quis augue. Aliquam a pretium elit, in auctor justo. Sed iaculis metus non dolor egestas sollicitudin. Curabitur vehicula, nulla vel varius faucibus, sem dolor lacinia nisl, sed dictum dolor elit eget nisi. Fusce varius vel nulla in accumsan. Vivamus non suscipit enim. Pellentesque aliquet pellentesque tempor. Sed at massa eu quam fringilla imperdiet a nec nulla. In vestibulum elit vitae ligula dapibus ultrices. Sed viverra non neque vitae gravida. Morbi faucibus nulla vitae vulputate venenatis. Aliquam dapibus, tellus a congue pharetra, justo leo condimentum arcu, id suscipit dui eros sed lacus. Donec eu tincidunt velit. Sed eleifend sed nibh in placerat. Praesent efficitur neque neque, consectetur tristique enim facilisis ut. Vivamus venenatis lectus sed ex porttitor, a gravida quam egestas. Pellentesque vel iaculis urna, euismod pretium ante. Nunc condimentum, lacus quis ornare dictum, purus purus ornare est, ac porttitor diam tellus eget urna. Fusce vitae lobortis libero. Vestibulum auctor euismod ipsum, vel pretium mi egestas id. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Nam velit diam, varius et elit id, egestas commodo orci. Cras tincidunt arcu sapien, et interdum sem aliquet vel. Proin nulla sapien, viverra vitae cursus id, ultrices vel turpis. Maecenas accumsan velit massa, maximus varius justo placerat non. Etiam ac semper odio, ac convallis nibh

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia The Ubaid (pronounced ooh-bayed), sometimes spelled Ubaid and referred to as Ubaidian to keep it separate from the type site of el Ubaid, refers to a time period and a material culture exhibited in Mesopotamia and adjacent areas which predate  the rise of the great urban cities. The Ubaid material culture, including ceramic decorative styles, artifact types and architectural forms, existed between about 7300-6100 years ago, over the vast Near Eastern region between the Mediterranean to the Straits of Hormuz, including parts of Anatolia and perhaps the Caucasus mountains. The geographic spread of Ubaid or Ubaid-like pottery, a pottery style which has black geometric lines drawn on a buff-colored body, has led some researchers (Carter and others) to suggest that a more accurate term might be Near Eastern Chalcolithic black-on-buff horizon rather than Ubaid, which implies that the core area for the culture was southern Mesopotamia- el Ubaid is in southern Iran. Thank goodness, so far theyre holding off on that. Phases While there is widespread acceptance of the chronological terminology for Ubaid ceramics, as you might expect, dates are not absolute across the entire region. In southern Mesopotamia, the six periods span between 6500-3800 BC; but in other regions, Ubaid only lasted between ~5300 and 4300 BC. Ubaid 5, Terminal Ubaid begins ~4200 BCUbaid 4, once known as Late Ubaid ~5200Ubaid 3 Tell al-Ubaid style and period) ~5300Ubaid 2 Hajji Muhammad style and period) ~5500Ubaid 1, Eridu style and period, ~5750 BCUbaid 0, Ouelli period ~6500 BC Redefining the Ubaid "Core" Scholars are hesitant today to re-define the core area from which the idea of Ubaid culture spread out because the regional variation is so extensive. Instead, at a workshop at the University in Durham in 2006, scholars proposed that the cultural similarities seen across the region developed from a vast inter-regional melting pot of influences (see Carter and Philip 2010 and other articles in the volume). Movement of the material culture is believed to have spread throughout the region primarily by peaceable trade, and various local appropriations of a shared social identity and ceremonial ideology. While most scholars still suggest a Southern Mesopotamian origin for black-on-buff ceramics, evidence at Turkish sites such as Domuztepe and Kenan Tepe is beginning to erode that view. Artifacts The Ubaid is defined by a relatively small set of characteristics, with a significant degree of regional variation, due in part to differing social and environmental configurations across the region. Typical Ubaid pottery is a high-fired buff body painted in black, the decorations of which become simpler over time. Shapes include deep bowls and basins, shallow bowls and globular jars. Architectural forms include a freestanding tripartite house with a T-shaped or cruciform central hall. Public buildings have a similar construction and a similar size, but have external facades with niches and buttresses. The corners are oriented to the four cardinal directions  and sometimes are built top platforms. Other artifacts include clay disks with flanges (which might be labrets or ear spools), bent clay nails which were apparently used to grind clay, Ophidian or cone-headed clay figurines with coffee-bean eyes, and clay sickles. Head-shaping, modification of childrens heads at or near birth, is a recently-identified trait; copper smelting at XVII at Tepe Gawra. Exchange goods include lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. Stamp seals are common at some sites such as Tepe Gawra and Degirmentepe in northern Mesopotamia and Kosak Shamai in northwest Syria, but not apparently in southern Mesopotamia. Shared Social Practices Some scholars argue that decorated open vessels in the black-on-buff ceramics represent evidence for feasting  or at least the shared ritual consumption of food and drink. By Ubaid period 3/4, region-wide the styles became simpler from their earlier forms, which were highly decorated. That may signify a shift towards communal identity and solidarity, a thing also reflected in communal cemeteries. Ubaid Agriculture Little archaeobotanical evidence has been recovered from Ubaid period sites, except for samples recently reported from a burned tri-partite house at Kenan Tepe in Turkey, occupied between 6700-6400 BP, within the Ubaid 3/4 transition. The fire that destroyed the house resulted in the  excellent preservation of nearly 70,000 specimens of charred plant material, including a reed basket full of well-preserved charred materials. Plants recovered from Kenan Tepe were dominated by  emmer wheat  (Triticum dicoccum) and two-rowed hulled  barley  (Hordeum vulgare  v.  distichum). Also recovered were smaller amounts of triticum wheat, flax (Linum usitassimum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum). Elites and Social Stratification In the 1990s, Ubaid was considered a fairly egalitarian society, and it is true that  social ranking  is not very apparent in any Ubaid site. Given the presence of elaborated pottery in the early period, and  public architecture  in the later, however, that doesnt seem very likely, and archaeologists have recognized subtle cues which appear to support the subdued presence of elites even from Ubaid 0, although its possible that elite roles might have been transitory early on. By Ubaid 2 and 3, there is clearly a shift in labor from decorated single pots to an emphasis on public architecture, such as buttressed temples, which would have benefited the entire community rather than a small group of elites. Scholars suggest that might have been a deliberate action to avoid ostentatious displays of wealth and power by elites and instead highlight community alliances. That suggests that power depended on alliance networks and control of local resources. In terms of settlement patterns, by Ubaid 2-3, southern Mesopotamia had a two-level hierarchy with a few large sites of 10 hectares or larger, including Eridu, Ur, and Uqair, surrounded by smaller, possibly subordinate villages. Ubaid Cemetery at Ur In 2012, scientists at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia and the British Museum began joint work on a new project, to digitize C. Leonard Woolleys records at Ur. Members of the  Ur of the Chaldees: A Virtual Vision of Woolleys Excavations  project recently rediscovered skeletal material from Urs Ubaid levels, which had been lost from the record database. The skeletal material, found in an unmarked box within Penns collections, represented an adult male, one of 48 interments found buried in what Woolley called the flood layer, a silt layer some 40 feet deep within Tell al-Muqayyar. After excavating the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Woolley sought the earliest levels of the tell by excavating an enormous trench. At the bottom of the trench, he discovered a thick layer of water-laid silt, in places as much as 10 feet thick. The Ubaid-period burials had been excavated into the silt, and beneath the cemetery was yet another cultural layer. Woolley determined that in its earliest days, Ur was located on an island in a marsh: the silt layer was the result of a great flood. The people buried in the cemetery had lived after that flood and were interred within the flood deposits. One possible historic  precursor of the Biblical flood story is thought to be that of the Sumerian tale of  Gilgamesh. In honor of that tradition, the research team named the newly rediscovered burial Utnapishtim, the name of the man who survived the great flood in the Gilgamesh version. Sources Beech M. 2002. Fishing in the Ubaid: a review of fish-bone assemblages from early prehistoric coastal settlements in the Arabian gulf. Journal of Oman Studies 8:25-40. Carter R. 2006.  Boat  Antiquity  80:52-63. remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth mllennia BC. Carter RA, and Philip G. 2010.  Deconstructing the Ubaid.  In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. Connan J, Carter R, Crawford H, Tobey M, Charrià ©-Duhaut A, Jarvie D, Albrecht P, and Norman K. 2005.  A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ras al-Jinz (Oman).  Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy  16(1):21-66. Graham PJ, and Smith A. 2013.  A day in the life of   Antiquity  87(336):405-417.an Ubaid household: archaeobotanical investigations at Kenan Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Kennedy JR. 2012.  Commensality and labor in terminal Ubaid northern Mesopotamia.  Journal for Ancient Studies  2:125-156. Pollock S. 2010.  Practices of daily life in fifth millennium BC Iran and Mesopotamia. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East.  Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 93-112. Stein GJ. 2011. Tell Zeiden 2010. Oriental Institute Annual Report. p 122-139. Stein G. 2010.  Local identities and interaction spheres: Modeling regional variation in the Ubaid horizon. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 23-44. Stein G. 1994. Economy, ritual, and power in Ubaid Mesopotamia. In: Stein G, and Rothman MS, editors.  Chiefdoms and . Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity

Definition of Wormhole - Theory of Relativity Definition: A wormhole is a theoretical entity allowed by Einsteins theory of general relativity in which spacetime curvature connects two distant locations (or times). The name wormhole was coined by American theoretical physicist John A. Wheeler in 1957, based on an analogy of how a worm could chew a hole from one end of an apple through the center to the other end, thus creating a shortcut through the intervening space. The picture to the right depicts a simplified model of how this would work in linking two areas of two-dimensional space. The most common concept of a wormhole is an Einstein-Rosen bridge, first formalized by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen in 1935. In 1962, John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller were able to prove that such a wormhole would collapse instantly upon formation, so not even light would make it through. (A similar proposal was later resurrected by Robert Hjellming in 1971, when he presented a model in which a black hole would draw matter in while being connected to a white hole in a distant location, which expels this same matter.) In a 1988 paper, physicists Kip Thorne and Mike Morris proposed since that such a wormhole could be made stable by containing some form of negative matter or energy (sometimes called exotic matter). Other types of traversible wormholes have also been proposed as valid solutions to the general relativity field equations. Some solutions to the general relativity field equations have suggested that wormholes could also be created to connect different times, as well as distant space. Still other possibilities have been proposed of wormholes connecting to whole other universes. There is still much speculation on whether it is possible for wormholes to actually exist and, if so, what properties they would actually possess. Also Known As: Einstein-Rosen bridge, Schwarzschild wormhole, Lorentzian wormhole, Morris-Thorne wormhole Examples: Wormholes are best known for their appearance in science fiction. The television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, for example, largely focused on the existence of a stable, traversible wormhole that connected the Alpha Quadrant of our galaxy (which contains Earth) with the distant Gamma Quadrant. Similarly, shows such as Sliders and Stargate have used such wormholes as the means of traveling to other universes or distant galaxies.

French colonisation in popular culture of francophone countries Personal Statement

French colonisation in popular culture of francophone countries - Personal Statement Example With the French culture spreading beyond the national boundaries, one would argue that one of the major implications of the French colonization led to the spread of French language to Africans. Sonnenburg continues to emphasize that the French assumed the African syntax and made it obligatory for the Africans to speak French, a policy referred to as the assimilation process (221). Centuries later, the Francophone countries still use French as their official language. Africans adopted the Frenchman way of living. The mode of dressing changed for the Africans. Regardless of copious protests against the revolution of the Africans to Frenchmen, the French managed to change the Africans. With time, studies indicate that Africans were able to change their lifestyles to French to extent that to be elected in the legislative assembly, Africans had to lead a life similar to that of the Frenchman (220). In the case of Tunisia for example, nearly all the elite and government officials had been assimilated to being Frenchmen. Eradication of the French language and replace it with the indigenous Arabic language was completely tasking for the Tunisians. With French literacy elevated in Tunisia, this is yet another impact on the culture of Francophone colonies of Africa. In a study of colonization and France with its spheres of influence, France ought not to be linked to colonization. France has been associated with education and spread of the same to other generations (223). In one way or another, it would arguable that the French brainwashed their colonies into accepting their language and culture; thus, entire loss of the African identity. As opposed to coercion like other colonial masters, the French managed to influence he colonies into embracing the Frenchman way of living (222). Francophone countries became multicultural societies embodied with a blend of both African culture- in minute forms, and the French culture dominating the way

Science Technology & Innovation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Technology & Innovation Systems - Essay Example The research on the existing literature and the reports focusing on the particular subject led to the conclusion that the disadvantages of GM crops are more than their advantages – at such level that the use of these crops for covering the daily needs in food to be questioned. The potential effects of the expansion of such crops should be further examined; alternative practices for increasing the food stock worldwide would be necessary. 2. Genetically Modified crops – advantages and disadvantages The role of GM crops as part of food chain worldwide need to be carefully reviewed – taking into consideration the relationship between food and health; also, in terms of the environment, the potential implications of GM crops should be explored. The existence of strong oppositions regarding the expansion of GM crops leads to the assumption that the intervention of biology in food production has not been as successful as believed by the GM crops initiators. A fact that f urther increase the worries regarding the development of GM crops is the lack of effective rules for their regulation – as explained below. ... The advantages and disadvantages of GM crops are analytically presented in the sections that follow; reference is made to the effects of GM crops on three specific sectors: health, environment and law. 2.1 Genetically Modified crops and health The main reason for the development of GM crops has been the increased need for food in countries worldwide; the crops of this type are able to offer a high level of production – compared to the conventional crops – a fact that is considered as their main advantage. Another characteristics of the GM crops – in terms of health – is their ability to be altered – enriched with vitamins and other valuable nutritional elements – leading to the increased benefits for health (McKie 2011). An indicative example is the ‘golden rice’ (see Figure 1, Appendix) which has been considered as an important means for offering to the population of poor countries food enriched in Vitamin A – increasing their strength towards diseases which are caused by the lack of the specific Vitamin. In fact, the research on the effects of poor nutrition – in terms of nutritional elements – on human health has proved that food which is poor in certain vitamins can cause severe problems of health (Bionet, 2002); in poor countries, a direct relationship of lack of vitamins and blindness has been proved; this problem has been addressed using the golden rice which is enriched with Vitamin A (Bionet, 2002). However, GM food can also hide severe risks for human health; in fact, it is noted that the exact consequences of GM food on human health have not been precisely identified (Human Genome Project, 2008); however, effects like ‘allergens and transfer of

Life Attitudes of the Government Employees at the City Council of Davao Essay Example for Free

Life Attitudes of the Government Employees at the City Council of Davao Essay Factors involved in having satisfying attitudes are that we should enjoy life, be accountable for our own well being, and think in terms of taking care of our whole person. Positive attitude helps to cope more easily with the daily affairs of life. It brings optimism into your life, and makes it easier to avoid worry and negative thinking. If you adopt it as a way of life, it will bring constructive changes into your life, and makes them happier, brighter and more successful. With a positive attitude you see the bright side of life, become optimistic and expect the best to happen. It is certainly a state of mind that is well worth developing and strengthening. Based on the facts stated above, the researchers opted to investigate the life attitudes of government employees at City Council Davao City. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to investigate the general Life Attitudes of the government employees at City Council in Davao City; specifically it sought answers the following: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1. Gender; and 2. Age? 2. What is the life attitude of the respondents? Is there a significant difference in the life attitude of the respondents when they are grouped according to age and gender? Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference in the life attitude of the respondents when they are grouped according to age and gender. Methodolgy This study made use of a descriptive-comparative design. Survey questionnaires were used as instruments for data collection. The respondents of this study were the employees of the City Council chosen using the simple random technique. The study was conducted throughout the City Council’s operating hours from Mondays through Fridays starting last January 16 to January 20, 2012 around 1-3 pm. The randomly sampled respondents were asked by the researchers for consent and approval to answer the questionnaire until the desired number of respondents which was 30 has been reached. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The mean was used to determine the employees’ life attitude. The frequency and percent distribution were utilized in determining the employees’ profile in term of gender and age.

The Characters Hidden Values and Needs in To The Lighthouse Essay

The Characters Hidden Values and Needs in To The Lighthouse  Ã‚   Woolf's chosen role as an author is to uncover the hidden values and needs of her characters' psychologies, and by extension of this, those of her readers — each frequent realization of the character's is a real and vividly personal epiphany, the like of which 'real-life' persons do not have such a feel for on a day-to-day basis; the characters are in a very real sense perhaps too self-aware to be considered 'real'. (Tansley and Lily at the dinner table each understand their situations perfectly.) The underlying message Woolf seems to be seeking to present is that this self-knowledge is not necessarily inherently of any worth — Tansley, for instance, is unable to control his desire to subjugate others in his own mind to prop up his own insecure self-esteem; his realization of this fact is not an empowerment to alter the fact. Lily feels restrained in a similar fashion; years after their utterance, Tansley's words (p94) "women can't write, women can't paint", though cush ioned with the knowledge that "clearly it was not true to him but for some reason helpful" (also p94), still cannot be completely discounted from her mind. Lily's struggle to marshall her memories into a cohesive and enduring monument of canvas is a metaphor for the intensity of human experience; the significance being that ultimately it does not matter — for that intensity will not be retained even then, no matter the struggle; once captured the reality of the situation fades, and it is time to 'move on'. Her efforts are symbolic of the inability for the power of memories and emotions to be lastingly captured — so strong is this urge that her desire to imprint a meaning upon events perpetuate... ...have been more verbose and less nebulous in form ("in MS ... more explanation is given" p233, "in MS, Tansley's atheism is more emphasized and contrasted with Lily's belief" p227 — and there are records of many other editing outs or 'smoothing' revision.) It is not difficult to imagine that Woolf would have been exceptionally gratified by a comment which she made about another author in a critical essay: that a work offered (p248) "a complete presentation of life ... as always [he] creates carelessly, without a word of comment, as if the parts grew together without his willing it, and broke into ruin again without his caring." Woolf's version is more forced; but perhaps this is what is necessary for a work of such questing magnitude. Seeming spontaneity requires patience. Works Cited Virginia Woolf, To The Lighthouse, Penguin Twentieth Century Classics, 1992

Latino Culture Essay

Latino culture has many different traditions that contribute to literature by Hispanic writers but the importance of family is one of the most important to Latinos. Many of these other traditions include religion and gender roles. Family life also can affect the way children can develop and how they do in school. And all of this contributes significantly in Hispanic literature. Familismo is the term used by Latin Americans for the close connection that is maintained within the family. They believe family should come first before all individual needs. This can be a good and bad thing. It is obviously good because there is a special bond made within the family that is very hard to break. It could be bad though because your family may be holding you back from your full potential and by giving up your individual goals. In the Latino Family, men and women have dignified roles that differ from different ethnicities. Machismo is a term used for Latino men and it refers to a man’s responsibility to protect, serve, and defend his family. Men are the leader in the Latino household and whatever he says goes. Marianismo is the term used for Latina women. They are encouraged to strive to be like Virgin Mary and try to be â€Å"spiritually strong, morally superior, nurturing, and self-sacrificing†. The family to Latino Americans is an essential piece of their culture that they would do anything for.

Biology Interest Among Asasipintar Students

biology interest among ASASIPINTAR STUDENTS | A MINI PROJECT REPORT| Submitted by 1. AHMAD SYAZWAN BIN SUHAIMI AP00161 2. IZZATY SHAIMA BINTI SHAMSUDIN AP00164 3. MUHAMMAD FAIZUAN BIN AMINUDDIN AP00159 4. SITI NABILA AMIRA BINTI SAMSUDIN AP00158| Submitted toMiss Noraniza Binti IbrahimSTATISTICS (PNAP0154)ASASIpintarPUSAT PERMATApintarTM NEGARAUNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA (UKM)APRIL 2013| Table of Contents Content| Page| Abstract| | Introduction to project topic| |Methods of Data Analysis| | Analysis and Results| | Conclusion| | References| | Appendix| | | ABSTRACT Most students have to take biology as one of the subjects graded in their CGPA. But not all students want to be a doctor or have much interest in biology. Quizzes and test are frequently used to measure the level of understanding of students towards specific topic of a subject Biology quizzes are common, and their marks or scores in these quizzes can be used to measure either their effort in the quizzes or their interest in biology or maybe both.This research paper discussed the relationship between the interest in biology and their total score, gender and their study style and lastly the relationship between scores 1. INTRODUCTION 2. 1. Overview Biology is one of the compulsory courses that have to be taken by ASASIpintar students. This course aims to enhance the students’ understanding and knowledge in biological sciences. Teaching methods include small group lecture, tutorial, laboratory experiments, independent learning and problem based learning. Students will be assessed by weekly quizzes, lab reports, and mid-semester and final semester examination.However, the interest level of students in Biology differs from one another. Other than that, their style of studying Biology or doing their revision on this particular subject is also different between students. This project aims to study the relationship between these two factors, which are the level of interest in Biology and their style of learning and studying the subject with the scores that these students gained in their topical quizzes. 2. 2. Objectives 2. 3. 1. To investigate the relationship between interest and total score 2. 3. 2.To investigate the distribution of interest in biology among student 2. 3. 3. To investigate the relationship between gender and study style 2. 3. Research Question 2. 4. 4. Does interest has any relationship with the total scores gain by student in their quizzes? 2. 4. 5. What are the distribution of interest in biology among student? 2. 4. 6. Is there any relationship between gender and their style of study biology? 2. 4. Research Hypothesis A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about the population parameter. This conjecture may or may not be true.Null hypothesis (Ho) is a statistical hypothesis states that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference between the two parameters while alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statisti cal hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a parameter and a specific value, or states that there is a difference between two parameters. 2. 5. 7. Hypothesis 1 Ho: There is no relationship between interest and total score H1: There is relationship between interest and total score 2. 5. 8. Hypothesis 3 Ho: The students’ interest in biology are distributed as follows; 17. % are not interested, 20% are moderate and 62. 5% are interested in biology. H1: The distribution are not the same as stated in Ho. 2. 5. 9. Hypothesis 2 Ho: There is no relationship between gender and study style H1: There is relationship between gender and study style 2. 5. 10. Hypothesis 4 Ho: There is no relationship between interest and study style H1: There is relationship between interest and study style 2. METHODOLOGY Herein, the chosen respondents were randomly selected from ASASIpintar students. The survey methods are the research instruments used for the data collection. 0 stud ents of ASASIpintar were chosen in this study accomplished a questionnaire to assess their biology quizzes’ marks. The computed values are compared to the Likert scale for data interpretation. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. These will be presented below: 3. 5. Descriptive statistics The descriptive method is used to collect the necessary data. In the descriptive statistic, the measures of tendency (mean, mode, median and variance) will be calculated. Measures of tendency are numerical values that locate, in some sense, the center of a data set.The data will be presented in bar chart or pie chart for qualitative data and histogram for quantitative data. 3. 6. Inferential statistics The inferential statistics using sample data to draw coclusions about the ASASIpintar students. The sample random is selected and the information gained from it is used to make generalizations about the ASASIpintar students. 3. 7. 11. Correlation 3. 7. 12. 1. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship of non-parametric data. One of the tests is to check the relationship between gender and the study style.The linear correlation coefficient (r) is used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables 3. 7. 12. 2. Spearman’s correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between parametric and non-parametric data. One of the tests is to check the relationship between interest of the students towards biology and their total score. The linear correlation coefficient (r) is used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables 3. 7. 12. Comparison Test 3. 7. 13. 3. Chi-squareThe Chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to how well a particular statistical distribution, such as a binomial or a normal. The null hypothesis Ho is that the particular distribution does provide a model for the data; the alternative hypothesis H1 is that it does not. 3. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4. 7. Descriptive statistics 4. 8. Inferential statistics 4. 9. 13. Relationship between interest and total score VARIABLES| R| R SQUARE| Interest and Total score| . 399| . 159| Since r = 0. 399, there is weak positive correlation between total score and interest. Since r= 0. 159, this indicates that 15. % of the variation in total score can be attributed to the linear relationship with the interest. 15. 9% of total variation in total score is explained by regression line using the interest. Another 84. 1% is explained by other variable. Since the P-value is 0. 011 and it is less than ? -value, the null hypothesis is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that there is relationship between the interest and the total score. It is proven that the interest does affect the total score. 4. 9. 14. Distribution of interest in biology VARIABLES| P-VALUE| Interest in biology| 0. 190|Since the P-value is 0. 19 and it is more than ? -value, the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that the students’ interest in Biology are distributed as follows; 17. 5% are not interested, 20% are moderate and 62. 5% are interested in biology. 4. 9. 15. Relationship between style and gender VARIABLES| P-VALUE| Style and Gender| 0. 558| Since the P-value is 0. 558 and it is more than ? -value, the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that there is no relationship between the study style and gender.It is proven that the gender is independent to the study style. The study style may affected by environment and the students’ self. 4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES 6. APPENDIX 7. 9. Questionnaire Personal information| | Age | | Gender | | Interest in biology| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | | | | | Which of the following is the way you study? | | Study alone| | Group study| | Continuous study| | Stay up| | What is your marks in following quizzes? | | The cell| | Cellular respiration| | Biochemistry | | Photosynthesis | | Plant physiology | | 7. 10. Analysis of interest & total score Correlations| | TotalScore| Interest|Spearman's rho| TotalScore| Correlation Coefficient| 1. 000| . 399*| | | Sig. (2-tailed)| . | . 011| | | N| 40| 40| | Interest| Correlation Coefficient| . 399*| 1. 000| | | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 011| . | | | N| 40| 40| *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). | 7. 11. Analysis of gender ; style Correlations| | Style| Gender| Style| Pearson Correlation| 1| -. 095| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 558| | N| 40| 40| Gender| Pearson Correlation| -. 095| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 558| | | N| 40| 40| Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent|Gender * Style| 40| 100. 0%| 0| 0. 0%| 40| 100. 0%| Gender * Style Crosstabulation| | Style| Total| | Discussion| Study Alone| Stay up| continuous study| | Gender| Male| Count| 4| 6| 5| 5| 20| | | Expected Count| 4. 0| 7. 5| 4. 0| 4. 5| 20. 0| | female| Count| 4| 9| 3| 4| 20| | | Expected Count| 4. 0| 7. 5| 4. 0| 4. 5| 20. 0| Total| Count| 8| 15| 8| 9| 40| | Expected Count| 8. 0| 15. 0| 8. 0| 9. 0| 40. 0| Chi-Square Tests| | Value| df| Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| Pearson Chi-Square| 1. 211a| 3| . 750| Likelihood Ratio| 1. 221| 3| . 748| Linear-by-Linear Association| . 355| 1| . 551| N of Valid Cases| 40| | | . 6 cells (75. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4. 00. | 7. 12. Analysis of gender ; interest Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| Gender * int| 40| 100. 0%| 0| 0. 0%| 40| 100. 0%| Gender * int Crosstabulation| | int| Total| | not interested| moderate| interested| | Gender| Male| Count| 2| 6| 12| 20| | | Expected Count| 3. 5| 4. 0| 12. 5| 20. 0| | | % within Gender| 10. 0%| 30. 0%| 60. 0%| 100. 0%| | | % within int| 28. 6%| 75. 0%| 48. 0%| 50. 0%| | | % of Total| 5. 0%| 15. 0%| 30. 0%| 50. 0%| female| Count| 5| 2| 13| 20| | | Expected Count| 3. 5| 4. 0| 12. 5| 20. 0| | | % within Gender| 25. 0%| 10. 0%| 65. 0%| 100. 0%| | | % within int| 71. 4%| 25. 0%| 52. 0%| 50. 0%| | | % of Total| 12. 5%| 5. 0%| 32. 5%| 50. 0%| Total| Count| 7| 8| 25| 40| | Expected Count| 7. 0| 8. 0| 25. 0| 40. 0| | % within Gender| 17. 5%| 20. 0%| 62. 5%| 100. 0%| | % within int| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | % of Total| 17. 5%| 20. 0%| 62. 5%| 100. 0%| Chi-Square Tests| | Value| df| Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| Pearson Chi-Square| 3. 326a| 2| . 190| Likelihood Ratio| 3. 461| 2| . 177| Linear-by-Linear Association| . 63| 1| . 686| N of Valid Cases| 40| | | a. 4 cells (66. 7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3. 50. | ANOVA| | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Score1| Between Groups| 87. 811| 4| 21. 953| 2. 331| . 075| | Within Groups| 329. 689| 35| 9. 420| | | | Total| 417. 500| 39| | | | Score2| Between Groups| 31. 709| 4| 7. 927| 1. 950| . 124| | Within Groups| 142. 266| 35| 4. 065| | | | Total| 173. 975| 39| | | | Score3| Between Groups| 9. 376| 4| 2. 344| . 710| . 591| | Within Groups| 115. 599| 35| 3. 303| | | | Total| 124. 975| 39| | | | Score4| Between Groups| 21. 78| 4| 5. 494| 1. 217| . 321| | Within Groups| 158. 022| 35| 4. 515| | | | Total| 180. 000| 39| | | | Score5| Between Groups| 24. 961| 4| 6. 240| 1. 195| . 330| | Within Groups| 182. 814| 35| 5. 223| | | | Total| 207. 775| 39| | | | We used the Other than that, Check relationship between interest and total score – weak relationship Style and total score – no correlation Between score – correlation pearson Correlation coefficient – spearman Style and interest – no correlation – pearson Gender and score – -weak relationship – spearman Style and gender – chi square test = no relationship

Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Essay Essay Example

Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Essay Essay Example Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Essay Paper Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Essay Paper Friedrich Froebel was a German pedagogue of the 19th century who developed an Idealist doctrine of early childhood instruction. He established kindergarten and instruction for four and five-year-old kids. Kindergarten is now a portion of instruction worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the little town of Oberwiessbach. Germany in 1782. His female parent died when he was a babe. His male parent remarried. but Froebel neer liked his stepmother. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life. This had a strong consequence on his theory of early childhood instruction. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving. sort and maternally. Froebel besides had an unsatisfactory relationship with his male parent which. along with his shyness. caused him to be â€Å"introspective and socially inept† ( Gutek. 2005. p. 261 ) . Therefore. he wanted his kindergarten to â€Å"foster a sense of emotional security and self-pride in children† ( Gutek. 2005. p. 261 ) . At the age of 10. Froebel went to populate with his uncle. As a immature kid. Froebel spent a batch of clip playing in the garden around his place. This led to his love of nature and had a profound consequence on his educational doctrine. : When he was 15 old ages old. Froebel apprenticed with a Forester and surveyor and studied forestry. geometry and surveying in school. He briefly attended the University of Jena from 1800-1802. Then he studied architecture at Frankfurt University. Although he ended his surveies without having a grade. Froebel gained a sense of artistic position and symmetricalness he subsequently used to plan his kindergarten â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations. † While in Frankfurt Froebel was hired as a instructor at the Frankfurt Model School. which was a Pestalozzian school. He studied the Pestalozzi method of direction which emphasized utilizing objects to learn. His method rejected the usage of bodily penalty and emphasized esteeming the self-respect of kids. This method of learning really much appealed to Froebel. Froebel wanted to integrate Pestalozzi’s method and creative activity of a loving and secure environment for kids in his ain instruction methods. After learning at the Model School for three old ages. Froebel studied with Pestalozzi for two more old ages Froebel besides decided to analyze linguistic communications and scientific discipline at the University of G? ttingen. He wanted to place lingual constructions that could be used in linguistic communication direction. During this clip he became really interested in geology and mineralogy. and besides pursued this in his surveies. Froebel believed that the procedure of crystallisation ( traveling from the simple to the composite ) emulated a â€Å"universal cosmic jurisprudence that besides governed human growing and development† ( Net Industries. 2008. Biography subdivision.  ¶ 3 ) . He would subsequently integrate the geometric forms and formations in crystals to make his kindergarten â€Å"gifts. † In 1816. Froebel started a school in Griesheim called the Universal German Educational Institute. He enrolled pupils who were 7 old ages old or older. The school finally moved to Keilhau. The school remained opened until 1829 when it struggled and was forced to shut. However. Froebel was able to prove and develop some of his educational thoughts in his school. In 1818 Froebel married Henrietta Hoffmeister. She shared Froebel’s love of kids and assisted in his educational work until her decease. Froebel established an educational institute at Wartenese in 1831. Subsequently. he was invited to set up an orphanhood at Burgdorf. Here he conducted a school for the town kids and a boarding school for those who lived off. He trained instructors and established a nursery school for 3 and 4 twelvemonth olds. He developed vocals. rimes. games. physical exercisings and other activities for the nursery school. He experimented with the objects and other stuffs that finally became his kindergarten gifts. He besides stressed drama and its function in instruction. In 1837. at the age of 55. Froebel relocated to Blankenburg and established a new type of school for early childhood instruction. He called it â€Å"kindergarten. † or â€Å"the children’s garden† ( Smith. 1999.  ¶ 5 ) . This word expressed Froebel’s vision for early childhood instruction: â€Å"Children are like bantam flowers ; they are varied and need care. but each is beautiful entirely and glorious when seen in the community of peers† ( Smith. 1999.  ¶ 6 ) . He used drama. vocals. narratives. and activities to set up an educational environment in which kids. by their ain activity. could larn and develop. Harmonizing to Froebel. this meant that kids. in their development. would larn to follow the â€Å"divinely established Torahs of human growing through their ain activity† ( Net Industries. 2008. Biography subdivision.  ¶ 5 ) . This is where he used his kindergarten gifts and businesss. â€Å"Gifts were objects Froebel believed had particular symbolic potency. Occupations were the natural stuffs kids could utilize in pulling and edifice activities that allowed them to concretize their ideas† ( Gutek. 2005. p. 265 ) . Froebel became celebrated as an early childhood pedagogue in Germany and by 1848. 44 kindergartens were runing in Germany. Froebel began developing immature adult females as kindergarten instructors. Kindergarten achieved its greatest influence in the United States. It was brought to America by the Germans after the European Revolution of 1848. Kindergartens appeared wherever there was a big concentration of German immigrants. Henry Barnard. the first United States Commissioner of Education. introduced Froebel’s kindergarten into educational literature in the 1850’s by including it in the American Journal of Education. of which he was the editor. He besides recommended to Congress that a public school system be established for the District of Columbia that would include kindergartens. In 1873. William Torrey Harris established a kindergarten at a school in St. Louis. Missouri and incorporated it into the public school system. This event led to more public schools integrating kindergartens into their systems. Finally. Harris became the U. S. Commissioner of Education and he continued to press for the incorporation of kindergartens into public school systems throughout the United States. Before Froebel started his kindergarten. kids under the age of seven did non go to school as it was believed that these immature kids did non hold the ability to develop the cognitive and emotional accomplishments needed to larn in a school environment. However. Froebel believed in early childhood instruction: â€Å"because acquisition begins when consciousness erupts. instruction must also† ( Pioneers. 2000.  ¶ 7 ) . In his book. Education of Man. Froebel states the dreamer subjects of his doctrine: â€Å" ( 1 ) all being originates in and with God ; ( 2 ) worlds possess an built-in religious kernel that is the vitalising life force that causes development ; ( 3 ) all existences and thoughts are interrelated parts of a expansive. ordered. and systematic universe† ( Net Industries. 2008. Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy subdivision.  ¶ 1 ) . This is what Froebel based his work on. claiming that each kid had an â€Å"internal religious kernel – a life force† ( Net Industries. 2008. Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy subdivision.  ¶ 1 ) . This life force seeks to be manifested through self-activity. He besides believed that â€Å"child development follows the philosophy of preformation. the flowering of that which was present latently in the individual† ( Net Industries. 2008. Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy subdivision.  ¶ 1 ) . Froebel’s kindergarten created a particular educational environment in which this self-activity and development occurred. Froebel used his kindergarten gifts. businesss. societal and cultural activities. and particularly play to advance this self-activity. Froebel besides believed that kids were to larn that they were members of â€Å"a great universal. religious community† ( Gutek. 2005. p. 266 ) . Thus the usage of games and societal activities. Harmonizing to Froebel. drama was indispensable to educating the immature kid. He believed that through prosecuting with the universe. understanding would develop. That is why drama was so critical – it is a originative activity through which kids become cognizant of their topographic point in the universe and the universe around them. Education was to be based on each child’s involvements and self-generated activity. The kindergarten teacher’s occupation was to make an environment that would excite the child’s development. She was besides to make a safe. secure environment that prevented anything from upseting this procedure. It was indispensable to the kindergarten children’s advancement that the instructor did non impede the child’s free drama and individualism. Each kid would larn what he was ready to larn when he was ready to larn it. As Froebel provinces: â€Å"Education in direction and preparation. originally and in its first rules. should needfully be inactive. following ( merely guarding and protecting ) . non normative. categorical. interfering† ( Sniegoski. 1994. p. 8 ) . Froebel believed the kindergarten should hold a pleasant physical environment. He recommended the usage of an bordering garden or a brilliantly painted room with workss. animate beings and images. This should besides be a prepared environment which would supply the instructor with the proper tools which the instructor felt would be most good to the acquisition environment. And alternatively of traditional books. the kindergarten should learn utilizing geometrical drama objects of different forms. sizes and colourss ( â€Å"gifts† ) . He besides believed in symbolism and that if a kid played with the â€Å"gifts. † they would assist the kid to understand cardinal truths. Froebel’s gifts consisted of: six soft colored balls ; a wooden sphere. regular hexahedron. and cylinder ; a big regular hexahedron divided into eight smaller regular hexahedron ; a big regular hexahedron divided into eight oblong blocks ; a big regular hexahedron divided into 21 whole. six half. and 12 one-fourth regular hexahedrons ; a big regular hexahedron divided into 18 whole oblongs with three divided lengthwise and three divided breadthwise ; quadrangular and triangular tablets used for set uping figures ; sticks for sketching figures ; wire rings for sketching figures ; assorted stuffs for pulling. punching. embroidering. paper cutting. weaving or lacing. paper folding. mold. and intertwining. ( Net Industries. 2008. The Kindergarten Curriculum subdivision.  ¶ 1 ) . Besides. Froebel designed â€Å"occupations† to be used in the kindergarten. These allowed more freedom and were things that kids could determine and pull strings. Examples of â€Å"occupations† are threading. sand. clay. and beads. As ever. there was an implicit in significance in all that was done in Froebel’s kindergarten. â€Å"Even clean up clip was seen as a reminder to the kid of God’s program for moral and societal order† ( Nichols. N. d. . Occupations subdivision.  ¶ 1 ) . Froebel’s careful survey of the nature of kids and their portion in the universe continues to be of great importance. as it opened a door to a new universe in childhood instruction. Froebel attached importance to what â€Å"originated in kids. non simply what grownups gave them to make or learn† ( Sniegoski. 1994. p. 15 ) . He besides discovered the educational value of drama and the usage of new non-book. hands-on stuffs in learning kids. Froebel provided a â€Å"theoretical footing for early childhood instruction that recognized phases of rational growth† ( Sniegoski. 1994. p. 15 ) . The one facet of Froebel’s theories that has disappeared for the most portion is the cryptic symbolism that overcastted his educational doctrine. However. his ideals of liberating kids to develop harmonizing to their ain involvements and demands and giving them a bright. playful. fostering environment in which to larn remains an of import and critical portion of early childhood instruction today. Mentions Gutek. Gerald Lee. ( 2005 ) . Friedrich Froebel: Laminitis of the kindergarten. In Historical and philosophical foundations of instruction: a biographical debut ( 4th ed. ) ( pp. 256-273 ) . Upper Sadle River. New jersey: Pearson Education. Inc. Lucas. Bill. ( 2005. October 24 ) . Analyzing the creative activity of kindergarten. In Boxes and Arrows: The Design Behind the Design. July. 2008. Retrieved July 12. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. boxesandarrows. com/view/studying_the_creation_of_kindergarten. Net Industries. ( 2008 ) . Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) : Biography. Froebel’s kindergarten doctrine. the kindergarten course of study. diffusion of the kindergarten. In Education Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 10. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/ Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. hypertext markup language. Nichols. Rachel. ( n. d. ) . Friedrich Froebel: Laminitis of the first kindergarten. Retrieved July 11. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //hubpages. com/hub/ Friedrich-Froebel-Founder-of-the-First-Kindergarten. Pioneers in our field: Friedrich Froebel: Laminitis of the first kindergarten [ Electronic version ] . ( 2000 ) . Scholastic: Early Childhood Today. August. 2000. Retrieved July 11. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp? id=3442. Smith. Mark K. ( 1997 ) . Friedrich Froebel. Retrieved July 12. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. infed. org/thinkers/et-froeb. htm. Sniegoski. Stephen. ( 1994 ) . Froebel and early childhood instruction in America. Retrieved July 12. 2008 from the Educational Resources Information Center Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eric. erectile dysfunction. gov/ERICDOCS/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/ 00000196/80/14/19/02. pdf.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations

Dickens through Great Expectations seemed to have depiction of women and according to Martin Chilton should not be surprising that he did. Charles Dickens stated in 1842 â€Å"Catherine is as near being a donkey as one of her sex can be† (Chilton). Catherine was Dickens wife from 1836 to 1858; they had many kids together. Many believe Dickens terrified and depressed his wife of many years. Dickens had trouble depicting a mature female. Chilton states, "his own relations with women were all damaged, incomplete or destructive" (Chilton). There is obviously a connection between his personal experience and they way he depicts Mrs. Joe and others. Dickens relationship with women gave him many feelings to draw upon to display in his writing. Martin Chilton thought Miss Havisham was Dickens himself. The women in Great Expectations live under year’s of oppression. The cast of characters we saw were not educated and were in difficult personal situations. Peter Scheckner says, â€Å" the genealogies in this work show that virtually every female in the novel is a victim of oppressive circumstances, if not of economics then of a sex... ... middle of paper ... ...trated with the large majority of the female characters most of the time but evidently he would struggle without them. I truly, believe though if he had a more supportive stepmother, he would have ended up in a better situation and would be able to sustain his success. Charles Dickens was a novelist who wrote intense stories about the journey of Pip to fulfill his expectations. He was a man who had a difficult family situation. It was evident he was cruel to his wife Catherine and the fact that he did not even communicate to his ex wife that their son had died, he later sent a letter after the fact. These deplorable behaviors led to his depiction of many evil female characters in Great Expectations. Men in the novel were portrayed in a far better light and the depictions of women were disturbing to many has most Victorian women of the time were the total opposite.

Operation Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation Management Degree - Case Study Example They are behind schedule with RA4. Susan has mentioned that they discuss the issue at the caf' when they meet. The caf' was very good in many respects, but problems were occurring since the new manager had taken over towards the end of the previous year. The caf' offered hot food for breakfast and lunch, snacks and sandwiches throughout the day and an out-of-hour's service area with tea and coffee and machine-supplied snacks. This had been a replacement for the 'hot food' service that had been available the previous year as part of cost saving measures that the new manager introduced. At that time, the software developers used to use the caf' in the evening, as they often worked late into the night but were rarely to be seen in the current times. Added to the above, the standard of the freshly prepared food varied enormously and stock outs were getting worse with more occasions when ingredients were missing or late and even some of the snacks supplies were becoming erratic. The canteen manager appeared to be having problems with a number of suppliers and this was having a big impact on the service offered. Obviously, there is a difference between the definition of quality for the caf' and the development team. The difference is limited to the kind of problems. However, conditions both at the caf' and the development team were worsening. Hassan needs to get to grips with the software development teams. ... The meals were expensive The queues in the caf' were ridiculous Added to the above, the standard of the freshly prepared food varied enormously and stock outs were getting worse with more occasions when ingredients were missing or late and even some of the snacks supplies were becoming erratic. The canteen manager appeared to be having problems with a number of suppliers and this was having a big impact on the service offered. Obviously, there is a difference between the definition of quality for the caf' and the development team. The difference is limited to the kind of problems. However, conditions both at the caf' and the development team were worsening. Hassan needs to get to grips with the software development teams. Quality is a big issue here; your task is to recommend ways in which they can assess and analyze the problems in more detail using suitable quality assessment. There is no doubt that the software development teams need a shot in the arm. It is pointless to blame anyone. The environment has deteriorated to an extent that nobody is able to produce quality work. Hassan has to make moves that will ensure proper working conditions to enable the software development teams perform to their maximum potential. In this situation, kaizen has the capability to bring about the necessary transformation. Actually, kaizen is the rallying point. Hassan must draw from the principles of kaizen and apply them to work for Wishton House. Basically, kaizen in Japanese means "to become good." In order to become good, there are some principles that must be followed. The foundational principles of kaizen are: teamwork, personal discipline, improved morale, quality circles, and suggestions for improvement. These are broad principles and Hassan must define them in the

Assesment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assesment paper - Essay Example They are supposed to uphold the ethics and principles of good governance. In principle, the politicians, being public figures, are supposed to lead exemplary lives, without being influenced by any vested interests. The corporate houses too are required to operate their businesses in such a way that the no harm is done to the society, to the environment and the polity of the nation/s. With the emergence of globalisation, the concepts like 'corporate governance' have emerged for managing the businesses more effectively. Media in general and electronics media in particular, too plays a very important role in telling the people about the values, ideas, opinions and culture of any political party and organisation. Therefore, now there is an exponential increase in the reliance on the broadcast media for political campaigns. This has proved to have a powerful role in making or breaking the chances of any political party. Opinion builders are entrusted with the task of spreading good words about the candidate (often this is termed as planting stories). In addition, candidates take up extensive tours to meet as many people as possible. All such exercises require good amount of money and hence the need for arranging funds. While it is true that businesses are supposed to work within the framework of rules and guidelines formulated by the political bosses, it is now an accepted fact that politics too cannot survive without a 'big' helping hand from businesses. But companies are placed in an unenviable position of being labeled as sympathizer to one particulars party or candidate if they support one at the cost of the other. Just in case the results are different, then there's a threat of retaliation. During earlier times, politicians used to get finances from some big companies, in a hush-hush manner so that their political affiliations are not divulged. This trend continued for quite a while, but gradually started resulted in arm-twisting tactics on the part of both politicians as well as corporate houses. This led to the debate of bringing in more transparency in matters relating to political campaign finances. Such reforms are being supported by political parties as well as business houses. Some bus iness houses are not very happy with the unreasonable demands from some political quarters, while the behavior of some politicians and political parties under the influence of money-power has also brought down the image of governments. There are some differences in the manner and extent of implementation though. Such attempts to regulate campaign finances are being supported by people at large and if theirs is any opposition, it comes from within the political establishment. In USA the common term for such political efforts is campaign finance reform (Chapman, 1999). In US campaign funds are generated by the politicians and the political parties' mainly using four sources (Cantor, 2007); i. Own funds of political leaders, their family and friends ii. By soliciting contributions from individual citizens iii. Using the party funds (which too require to be replenished from time to time) iv. Different interest groups (comprised business etc) generally with the formation of political action committees (PAC) on political, social or economic issues. v. Public funds (available only for some elections like Presidential elections) A first timer to

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 90

Marketing - Essay Example The last thing the speaker highlighted is logistics, which will determine how the product reaches the consumer. Customers would prefer a product that is always at their disposal, and transport plays a significant role in ensuring that consumers have the product when they need them. The video by Komisar explains how the companies deal with the failures as this is what determines their survival. Komisar also explains that innovation is about taking the risk of what has not been done before so as to satisfy the ever-changing customer needs. Company’s which take risks, so as to satisfy customers’ have to be more keen on the customer’s ever changing products in the in the market. The video by Fiorina explains that leadership and skills comprise of three things, ability, character and collaboration. Ability is about the entrepreneurs’ skills and experiences that make them successful in their ventures. Fiorina explains how more skilled and experienced entrepreneurs will succeed in the business sphere. The most successful companies will always rely on more experienced and skilled personnel. The speaker also explains how the character of an entrepreneur is vital in running the business to make it successful. Good character will attract business in the company in a very short period hence promoting the good reputation of the companies’ name. Fiorina explains collaboration as partnering of two entrepreneurs’ or companies with the intent of producing one or two commodities that will suit customers’ needs. The biggest take away from the videos is the aspect of taking risk in order to be successful as an entrepreneur. According to the Komisar, in the video titled â€Å" Biggest Success are often Bred from Failures† entrepreneurs should be more innovative and ready to take risks to satisfy their customers’ needs. I saw this is a big lesson and a challenge in my future endeavors in regards to any venture I may

Plato on Gender: An analysis

Plato on Gender: An analysis Plato on Gender Platonic advocacy of female public engagement as articulated in Republic V challenges an organizational ethos by which the activities, movement, and behavior of women were severely restricted. Indeed the role of women in Plato’s political philosophy is arguably at odds, not only with the negative and oppressive depiction of women in Athenian philosophical thought at large, but also with the broader Platonic corpus which seems to speak to the natural inferiority of females. Plato advances the radical argument that insofar as the body and soul are distinct, women and men may serve coequally in the guardianship of the state. That is, assuming that the nature of a person is independent of his/her body, and to such an extent as each individual should be assigned work suited to his nature, both sexes will be capable of performing all the functions needed by the city, including philosophy, despite the innate and inevitable inferiority of women (Okin, 1979). Yet however progressive hi s embrace of women in terms of their capacity to assume political, ethical, and intellectual responsibilities alongside men; the evidence suggests that Plato did not stand for a liberationist philosophy that elevates women to the moral status of men. Only by examining the proposals of Republic V with an eye toward the overriding aims and structure of the ideal society do Plato’s apparent contradictions in his views toward women become apparent. While his views on women were no doubt revolutionary for the day, the degree to which Plato was motivated by an egalitarian ethic remains an open question. We must remember that Plato was a product of a society locked into a rigid patrimonial order in which the confinement of respectable women was de rigeur and where upper class women were valued primarily as instruments of reproduction and legitimacy (Pomeroy, 1975). The Athenian woman of citizen class was secluded within the parental home until she became a ward of the matrimonial household, where she was expected to exercise her maternal responsibilities, especially the breeding of sons. She was likewise controlled and deprived with respect to her sexuality, without the compensation of any participation in life outside the domestic sphere (Okin, 1979). Socialization with men at any level, even within the confines of the home, was not consistent with her service to the household and commitment to chastity, frugality, and silence (P omeroy, 1975). In conceptual terms, meanwhile, emotionalism and lack of self-control were seen as products of female nature; reserving bravery, norms of reason, and objectivity for men within the intellectual and institutional structure (Just, 1989). Thus to the extent that women were devoid of moral agency and self-possession, they were subject to the authority and guardianship of men, effectively disqualifying them from the ruling class as a condition of â€Å"natural† dependency. The recurrent theme in the literature is of female subordination and loss of autonomy as a result of excessive physical indulgence: â€Å"women are in bondage to their physical appetites as much as those who are legally bound† (Just, 1989, p. 186). A woman, as such, is unable to subordinate her appetites, desires, and emotions to reason (i.e. higher-order valuations) in pursuit of virtue. A man however, presuming the opportune socio-economic conditions, is free, and hence is arguably considerably less, if at all, inclined to fall victim to akratic action. By this reasoning, men maintain the ability to act in accordance with their decisive better judgments, while women are seen in connection to and dependent upon their appetitive urges (Politics, 1260a2-12). Hesiod’s Theogony, for example, likens the woman to a gluttonous and sexually licentious â€Å"stomach† inflicted on the man to consume the fruits of his labor and weaken his resolve to self-govern, which, as a free man, he is presumed capable of (Just, 1989, p. 164). Aristotle confirms; noting in the Politics that, â€Å"the woman has [a deliberative faculty], but [that] it is without authority† (Politics, 1260a12-14). Correspondingly, he submits that â€Å"to a woman, silence brings refinement – whereas this does not apply to a man† (Politics, 1260a30-31). Hence, as Just comments, â€Å"the opposition between those innately possessed of self-control, and those who lack it . . . ideologically r enders women’s subordinated place within the social structure of the polis a ‘natural’ one† (Just, 1989, p. 166). Against this backdrop, it seems unrealistic to believe that Plato was immune to the influences of the historical and cultural standards that underscore his dialogues. In fact, in the Timaeus, Plato himself explains the inferiority of women in terms of devolution from an original creation consisting of men. Those able to master their passions and live virtuously on Earth are granted passage back to the stars from which they came; cowardly and unrighteous men are reborn as women to account for their failures. â€Å"All male-born humans who lived lives of cowardice or injustice were reborn in the second generation as women† (Timaeus, 90e7-8). Indeed victory of the rational over the irrational was the means by which a debased soul may return to â€Å"his original condition of excellence,† and avoid further degeneration into an animal form appropriate to the evil nature which he had acquired (Timaeus, 42b1-d2).Plato continues to explain that, ultimately, procreation results from the union of the â€Å"woman’s desire and the man’s love;† an explanation that speaks to appetitive/reason distinction discussed above (Timaeus, 91d1). Thus Plato builds a hierarchy of goodness and rationality in which woman is positioned midway between man and beast, a sentiment echoed in the Laws (Okin 1979). The dialogue of Republic V, however, suggests that while human beings can differ in many ways, certain attributes have no bearing on the assignment of different functions to different persons in accordance with their natures. For example, whereas a man with a full head of hair is known to be a good cobbler, the bald man is not necessarily incapable of practicing the same profession (Republic V, 454c1-6). There seems, therefore, to be no reason to consider the difference between the sexes in terms of procreative function relevant to whether they should play equal roles in the guardianship of the state (Okin, 1979). Plato thereby manages to reconcile the dialectical opposition between the belief that different natures ought to accord with different pursuits, and the suggestion that the same pursuits be open to both sexes in spite of female inferiority. Thus although he asserts that women are generally less capable than men, especially in physical strength, he maintains that individual members of both sexes are capable of concurrently performing all the city’s functions, including rule and defense (Okin, 1979). The collective good therefore seems to demand that individual pursuits and education be in keeping with the merits of each, irrespective of sex. That â€Å"women bear . . . and men beget,† Plato reasons, is not tantamount to proof that women ought to be denied the ‘guardian-rearing’ education provided to their male peers (Republic V, 454d5-12). Accordingly, Plato maintains that the guardians of his state, along with their (collective) wives, ought to enjoy the same pursuits. Just as a â€Å"male and female doctor have souls of the same nature,† so to would Plato’s purported male and female guardians (Republic V, 454c10-d1). Plato does, however, prescribe a lighter share of defensive duties to women, in keeping with their relative physical weakness and consistent with their assumed level of strength (Republic V, 455d7-e2). Thus although Plato expands the range of activities open to women, the notion (articulated in the Timaeus) that the female form embodies a wicked soul certainly calls into question Plato’s embrace of the egalitarian ideal as such. To be sure, Plato grounds his emancipation of women in the metaphysical assertion that the body and soul are distinct, such that the body becomes an obstacle to the ambitions and potential of the soul. If a male soul can reside in a female body and vice versa, it follows that a female with a philosophical nature may aspire to re-enter life as a man to the extent that she severs her attachment and dependence on the body in favor of philosophy (Bar On, 1994). In effect, since the desired quality of one’s soul may be incongruous with one’s sexual identity, Plato implies that manliness is not necessarily a function of the body. If â€Å"female† refers to someone connected to the world on a bodily level, and â€Å"male,† to a p erson elevated to a philosophical plane (Bar On, 1994), then anyone of a suitable nature can be considered male as a matter of statecraft. In this vein, Okin argues that Plato shared his fellow Athenians’ contempt for women, suggesting the emancipation of female guardians was a necessary byproduct of the dismantling of the family: â€Å"The most important consequence of Plato’s transformation of the guardian class into a single family is the radical implication it has for the role of women† (Okin, 1979, p. 37). Sensing the antagonism between the state and the family, Plato seeks to disengage the guardians from all connections and motive which may undermine their dedication to the state, thereby extending the primary ties of kinship throughout the ruling class (Okin, 1979, p. 37). Thus Rousseau points to a causal link between the abolition of the family and the granting of equal opportunities to women, such that â€Å"having dispensed with the individual family in his system of government, and not knowing any longer what to do with women, [Plato] finds himself forced to turn them into men† (Ok in, 1979, pp. 37-8). Indeed the need for unity within the ruling class – which eliminated private property and the wifehood, and minimized the role of maternity – is critical to the involvement of women in the administration of the city. â€Å"If for the female guardians the relationship to particular men, children and households has ceased to be crucial, there seems to be no alternative for Plato but to consider women as persons in their own right† (Okin, 1979, p. 38). Thus the utilitarian ethic by which Plato’s seeks communal â€Å"happiness† (eudaimonia) is not built on modern notions of liberty, justice, or equality of the sexes. Plato appeals to the efficiency, harmony, and moral goodness on which his politics rest – the oppression of women notwithstanding. â€Å"Excellence, not liberty, is his goal, and he rejects liberty as the enemy of excellence† (Vlastos, 1994, p. 22). The discharge of women from the confines of their traditional domestic role – absent a suitable outlet for the excesses of female nature – would constitute a threat to civil accord, leaving Plato no choice but to rethink the matter of woman’s role and her potential abilities (Okin, 1979). Allen, who explains Plato’s acceptance of women in the context of a political agenda that does not tolerate any manner of civil discord, and which thereby aims to eliminate potential sources of disorder in the city, also shares this in terpretation (Okin, 1979). Arguably then, Plato intends to foster harmony and unity of purpose by resolving the problem of selfishness and contentious interests through the elimination of private property. Thus where property, inheritance, and marriage are reintroduced – as prescribed in the Laws of Plato’s second best city – the proprietary status of women renders immaterial Plato’s frustration with the â€Å"irrational† maintenance of rigid sex roles (Okin, 1979). â€Å"Given these basic features of the social structure of the city, it is not surprising that Plato, in spite of general pronouncements to the contrary, is not able to treat or use women as the equals of his male citizens† (Okin, 1979, p. 46). Further, and of importance if one is to fairly evaluate Plato’s concern for all women, though Republic V validates the notion that female talents may extend to other crafts under the rubric of maximum efficiency, it proffers nothin g toward applying this notion to any but those fortunate enough to be of aristocratic decent.Hence, even if we were to absolve Plato of his (perhaps more subtlety) biased inferences observed in conjunction with his emancipation of the female-elite, a comprehensive feminist portrayal of the great philosopher demands that one reconcile his violently opposed views on feminine potential as a function of class. What emerges is a Platonic distinction between similarities in the potential range of men’s and women’s talents and similarities in ability, with the related distinction between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. Whereas â€Å"women share by nature in every way of life just as men do,† there exists no pursuit of mankind in which the male sex maintains not the gifts and qualities to a higher degree than the female, save for absurd examples of household production (Republic V, 455c4-d7). This distinction helps to explain why Plato defines male guardians as the â€Å"best of the citizens† and the female guardians as less-than, i.e. the â€Å"best of the women† only (Republic V, 456e1-5). By extension, Plato asserts that the female-guardians – despite their having been educated in tandem with the males – will serve as assistants (i.e. ‘secondary companions’ of sorts) to their male compatriots (Republic V, 471c2-d 4). His description of the optimal brigade arrangement, whereby the guardians would be â€Å"less likely to desert each other†¦if their woman joined their campaigns†¦.positioned in the rear to frighten the enemy, and in case their help should ever be needed† indubitably indicates this much, while further implying that men harbor greater capability and potential in warfare than do women (Republic V, 471d1-4). Therefore, in constant reference to the â€Å"wives† of the guardians, and by defining female guardianship in terms of its value to men, Plato betrays the cultural predispositions embedded in language throughout his work. Unsurprisingly, the notion that ‘a woman can do what her fellow man does, but is nonetheless incapable of doing it as well,’ lies at the heart of feminist objections to Platonic thought. Some suggest that Plato’s apparent hostility toward women can be explained by appeal to an elitist contempt for a corrupt and inefficient social order under which women fail to meet their potential. Vlatos, for example, adopts a minimalist and conservative conception of personal rights that intends to reconcile the equality Plato provides for women with the philosopher’s negative portrayal of women elsewhere (Vlastos, 1994). On Vlastos’ account, if Plato’s policies reflect a belief that â€Å"equality in the rights of persons shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex† – a claim that bears contrary to the norms governing the status of Athenian women at the time – then Plato is aptly characterized as a feminist (Vlastos, 1994, p. 12). On attempting to reconcile the emancipation of the female-elite in Republic V with the reproachful remarks targeted at women – as evidenced throughout the broader Platonic corpus – Vlastos suggests that the â€Å"‘womanish’ traits [Plato] denigrates are those of the great mass of women, not of those brilliant exceptions from whom the guardians would be recruited; and, moreover, they are the traits common to women now [i.e. Plato’s time], under conditions [then] prevailing which [did not] foster the development of energetic minds and resolute characters† (Vlastos, 1994, p. 18). Arguably, Vlastos’ explanation does not merely ‘explain away’ Plato’s irreverent tone toward women; a tone persistent throughout his works and, notably, targeted at the general female body. Ultimately, Vlastos’ approach fails to satisfy those who subscribe to a liberationist ethic that values women’s preferences and needs for thei r own sake (Annas, 1976). On this account, Pomeroy calls attention to contempt for women throughout the Platonic texts, either expressed directly, or implied through images and metaphors; and points to a proprietary canon that positioned women as property, prizes, and slaves under the custodial care of men (Pomeroy, 1975). Moreover, noting that Plato’s liberation of women resides within a metaphysical framework in which a woman’s opportunity to pursue â€Å"knowledge of the good† depends on the intrinsic value of the soul, Annas poses a consistent hostility toward women throughout Plato’s dialogues. Accordingly, she argues against the feminist thesis; namely pointing to the facts that Plato does not reject inequality between the genders as such, nor does he suggest, in any way, that he genuinely cares for the desires of women, as women (Annas, 1976). Clearly, the broader Platonic corpus fails to transcend the gender stereotypes and sexist notions that circumscribe its time. However, in so much as Plato gives voice to a class of citizens that remained mute for ages – barred by the values of a rigid societal construct – some may deem Plato a revolutionary proponent of female-actualization. While his overall presentation may offend modern feminist sensibilities, Plato’s policies are attuned to the potential of females in the face of a disparaging cultural opposition. And, although the evidence suggests that Plato does not consider women as the moral equals of men – by any measure – he nonetheless deserves credit for being among the first to promote the equality of women in meaningful aspects of social status and function. References Annas, Julia. (1976). Plato’s â€Å"Republic† and Feminism. Philosophy, 51, 307-321. Aristotle. (1995). Aristotle Politics: Books I And II. (Trevor Saunders, Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work written 350 B.C.E.). Bar On, B. (1994). Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle. New York: State University of New York Press. Just, R. (1989). Women in Athenian Law and Life. New York: Routledge Press. Okin, S. (1979). Women in Western Political Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press Plato. (1997). Complete Works: The Republic. (J.M. Cooper D. L. Hutchinson, Eds.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Plato. (1997). Complete Works: Timaeus. (J.M. Cooper D. L. Hutchinson, Eds.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Pomeroy, S. (1975). Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Random House, Inc. Vlastos, Gregory. (1994). Was Plato a Feminist? In Nancy Tuana (Ed.), Feminist Interpretations of Plato (pp. 11-23). University Park, PA: Penn State Press. Walmart: Everyday Low Prices Strategy Walmart: Everyday Low Prices Strategy Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer stores emerged in Arkansas, USA since 1962 by Sam Walton with his belief that the future of retailing lay in discounting, focusing on value drivers: price and service, convenience and a wide rage of product all in one store. The successfully of implementation is to adapt innovative practice selling the brand with slogan Every Day Low Prices (EDLP) mixed with other philosophies into its pricing. In early days, One of the key strategy was concerned on small town locations: open discount stores in small town and spread out its stores and filling un-served gaps avoiding from competition radar. As, Wal-Mart saturated its market and effectively barred new competition. With the prospect of low price policy, Wal-Mart is relentless cost control. Non-stop of reducing of their price parallel with cost control. Including of being the partnership with suppliers, they claimed that it helped the suppliers improve inventory management and efficiency as win-win partnership. Another core competence is logistic management. Wal-Mart very early demonstrated commitment to technology in the industry. Being the earliest to adopt satellite technology connection the chain to one big network. Moreover, Wal-Mart has been seeking for the continuing development by adoption RFID in the system. In term of service, Wal-Mart understands the art of motivating its employees from all level to perform their best. For instant, under the ten-foot rule, any member of staff within ten feet of a customer must offer them assistance. Its labor relations are exceptional. Workers are not plain employees but associates, eligible for a share of the profits and stock options in the company. This has created a famously loyal and highly competitive workforce. Now, Wal-Mart is facing a change to their business in China. Over the past few years Chinas retail industry and its distribution and logistical infrastructure have opened up significantly with decreased government regulation. For Wal-Mart this will mean a large change in its business strategy and it will now look to profitably expand with Chinas booming economy. In order to set a new strategy Wal-Mart will need to identify what issues it will face in the short and long term. One such issue is the fact that the business model used in America will not directly transplant to China. For example, in the U.S., Wal-Mart places stores in small towns to gain a competitive advantage. China, on the other hand, will not support such a structure. In China, the economic growth has been concentrated exclusively in coastal regions supporting urbanites. The U.S. business model also uses Wal-Marts distribution, logistics, and IT networks to gain economies of scale and competitive advantages. China does not have the infrastructure for Wal-Mart to gain the same scale economies and advantages. Instead, Wal-Mart China will need to find alternative ways to turn core competencies into competitive advantages. Other issues Wal-Mart China faces are differences in consumer preferences habits between American and Chinese consumers, increasing competition among foreign and domestic firms, and overcoming local protectionism obstacles. SWOT Analysis of Wal-Mart (S)trengths Wal-Mart is a powerful retail brand. It has a reputation for value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store. The company has a core competence involving its use of information technology to support its international logistics system. Wal-Mart has a lot of suppliers, since the company claimed that it had always treated its supplier as partners and also helps suppliers improve inventory management and efficiency. Wal-Mart has a competitive strategy. For example everyday low prices (EDLP) or Always Low prices, this helped to drive the concept of EDLP and drew a million customers to its door. (W)eakness The biggest obstacle Wal-Mart faced in Mainland China was lack of an information-technology network with suppliers making the purchase and distribution difficult. (O)pportunities To take over, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region.   The stores are currently only trade in a relatively small number of countries. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets.   New locations and store types offer Wal-Mart opportunities to exploit market development. They diversified from large super centres, to local and mall-based sites.   Opportunities exist for Wal-Mart to continue with its current strategy of large, super centres. (T)hreats Very high competition in china market, especially the local brand. The Buying behavior of Chinese consumers, Chinese consumers always compare the different of the price before they make a purchase. Regulatory restrictions, in china the constraints on a foreign retailers operation directly limited the regional expansion of Wal-Mart stores and the efficient use of distribution centers. Local protectionism, it is serious problem faced by many multinational firms trying to expand operations through china. The Infrastructural Deficiency, Wal-Mart distribution system depended on transportation, but china transportation were no well connected and were serious fragmented. Case Questions: Why is Wal-Mart successful in the US? What are Wal-Marts competitive advantages and its sources? Wal-Mart has the critical strategy such as Every Day Low Prices (EDLP) to capture demand of consumers and brand reputation and trust of customers make Wal-Mart become outstanding firm. Two key developments made the success possible: Distribution: Wal-Mart set up highly automated distribution centres, cutting down on delivery time and costs. Inventory flow: The companys computerized inventory systems gave managers real-time information on their stocks, speeding up the re-ordering of goods. The competitive advantages of Wal-Mart are technology, being the earliest to adopt satellite technology connection the chain to one big network. Besides, Wal-Mart has been seeking for the continuing development by adoption RFID in the system. Using the inventory management over the competitors and a lot of suppliers that deal with Wal-Mart. Also, the main successful of Wal-Mart is cost-control. Wal-Mart can control and avoid unnecessary cost very well, therefore Wal-Mart can offers a low price than competitors to consumers as a result of economic of scale. 2. Should Wal-Mart replicate its domestic model in its original form in China? Why? Can it build the same competitive advantage in China through its successful domestic model? Wal-Mart should not use the same strategy form in china. Because it is different in culture , environment, legal and politics. The original might be success in US but the characteristic of Chinese people is totally differently from USs people. It is hard to build the competitive as the same as in United state because due to local supplier, distribution or supply chain is not the same as in USA. Also, Wal-Mart might lack of technology in china, so I think the original model might not work in china 3. Provide suggestions on potential strategies that Wal-Mart China should consider in going forward. Creating Guanxi Conducting marketing expansion research: a critical role in global success. It permits the company to take into account different environments, attitude and market conditions and hence to minimize risks. To get information for possible business expansion To monitor the political climate To review various ways of market To evaluate the business partners Alternatives Wal-Mart has many options when determining what strategy to set going forward in Chinas newly deregulated market.    One such option is to accept defeat.    Wal-Mart has attempted to transplant its American business model in other countries such as Germany, South Korea, and Japan and realized huge failures.    Japan is consistently a loss making operation for Wal-Mart, and Wal-Mart has already completely retreated from Germany and South Korea due to its inability to.. http://walmartstores.com/AboutUs/297.aspx http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/325922.stm