Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent

Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent Several studies in recent years have demonstrated curcumin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent  the presence of persistent inflammatory stimuli, which interrupt the physiological healing mechanisms. An ideal biomedical device for wound care should promote the complete regeneration of the injured tissue, effectively restore its  biological activity and aesthetic aspect, while reducing inflammation and preventing microbial invasion.1,2 Efforts for achieving this goal are leading to the replacement of traditional passive products with advanced ones.3 Among these, alginate-based dressings are attractive for their capability to release bioactive compounds and to maintain a moist environment around the wound, promoting tissue granulation and re-epithelialization.4-8Typically they are available in form of freeze-dried foams  or non-woven microfibers, though great research interest is nowadays devoted towards nanofibrous matrices. Inflammation is a physiological response to wounding and is required for wound healing to progress. However, excessive or inappropriate inflammation provides an ideal environment for bacterial infiltration and proliferation and may cause serious health problems. So, the prolonged inflammation characterizing the chronic wounds is a promising target for therapeutic interventions Active agents have been loaded in various of form of carriers such as foams,4 hydrogels,5 films,6 sponges,7 etc., and more recently in the form of polymeric nanofibers.3,8 These polymeric nanofibers have attracted special attention for use in wound dressings due to their very fine diameter, highly porous structure, and so on.1,9 A popular and inexpensive technique for fabricating polymeric nanofibers is electrospinning (ES).3 In particular, nanofibers produced by electrostatic spinning have high potentiality in the wound healing field because their porosity promotes nutrient transport and gas permeation, their morphological organization mimics the native tissue, and their mechanical properties can be engineered.5,9-11 The intrinsic high surface area of nanofibers is also attractive for the delivery of drugs and active agents.2,1 The large surface area of the fiber matrix allow for increased interaction with the tissue,  thereby serves as a substrate for the sustained delivery of bioactive molecules as well as to  modulate cellular functions during regeneration Nanofibers fabricated by ES have an extremely large specific surface area, high porosity, and good pore interconnectivity.10,11 These properties are very similar to the natural extracellular matrix structure that supports cell attachment and proliferation.12 It was found that active ingredients can be encapsulated directly into nanofibers by electrospinning a mixture solution containing an agent and a polymer.9,13 Because of their unique properties, the electrospun nanofibers can meet the ideal equirements for wound dressing in that they (1) promote a hemostatic phase, (2) provide a moist environment that stimulates wound healing, (3) protect the wound from bacterial penetration, (4) functionalize dressings by incorporating therapeutic agents, and (5) potentially leave no scars.1,14 The use of biopolymers capable of ES for wound dressing is becoming inevitable because they can generate safe environmental products and easily be washed of the wound surface.1,3 A variety of biopolymers such as PVA,3PLA,11poly(urethane),14  gelatin,15 chitosan,16 polycaprolactone (PCL),17 and some blends of these biopolymers have been electrospun and evaluated  for wound dressing. PCL is a semi-crystalline polymer well known for its nonimmunogenicity, slow biodegradability, and high  biocompatibility.17,18 Due to its non-toxic in nature and flexible mechanical properties, PCL is ideal material for wound dressing and tissue engineering.18,19 Although PCL nanofiber mat closely mimics the natural extracellular matrix, its hydrophobicity reduces cell attachment. addition of PEG in PCL result in   high cell affinity and porous surface of the nanofiber mats   and support cell  proliferation. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid contained in many plant extracts [1]. Many polyphenolic compounds, including chrysin, are known to have multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammation [2,3], anti-cancer [4,5], anti-oxidation [6,7], and estrogenic effects [6] Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone structure shown in Fig. 1), a flavonoid, is the main component of Oroxylum indicum ( Sun et al., 2006), which is one herbal medicine commonly used in China and other East Asian countries, and has been officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for a long time (Editorial committee, 1999). Like other flavonoids, chrysin exhibits many biological activities and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant (Chaudhuri et al., 2007), anti-inflammatory (Fishkin and Winslow, 1997), anticancer (Habtemariam, 1997) and antihypertension (Villar et al., 2002). Chrysin also has the potential for clinical and therapeutic applications against the physiological and biochemical effects of aging (Chakraborty et al., 2009). In spite of these unique biological activities of curcumin, the in vivo stability and  bioavailablity of the molecule is very low Here we show that dressings constituted by electrospun nanofibers of sodium alginate containing lavender essential  oil are effective for the treatment of UVB-induced skin injuries. In vitro studies revealed that these entirely natural systems were  highly biocompatible and able to inhibit the proliferation of S. aureus. Together with antibacterial activity, the produced alginate based nanofibers expressed a remarkable anti-inflammatory efficacy that was demonstrated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide stimulated human foreskin fibroblasts, and in vivo on rodent model of UVB burns. In particular, a significant decrement of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed for both cells and animals. Interestingly, no marks of erythema were detected on the skin of the injured animals that were treated with the electrospun dressings, indicating that the treatment promptly stopped the inflammatory response. Differently from other topical preparations for the management of burn wo unds, the here described biomedical devices perform dual functions (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) and, thus, have potentialities to fill the void of multifunctional dressings that the market is still facing The objective of this study was to develop curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by the process of electrospinning and to evaluate  the biological activity of the curcumin loaded fibers using in vitro and in vivo methods. We investigated the feasibility of developing bead free curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by controlling the elecrospinning parameters. The bioactivity of encapsulated curcumin in the nanofibers was investigated using various in vitro methods and comparisons were made against the corresponding PCL nanofibers. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of the curcumin loaded PCL fibers vs PCL fibers was evaluated using healing impaired diabetic mouse model. in view of the high level of oxidative stress and persistent inflammation associated with delayed  healing in diabetic wounds, the present study was conducted to investigate the temporal wound healing potential of topically applied curcuminin diabetic rats The increased oxidative stress is one of the most common complications for the delayed wound healing in diabetics [3]. Therefore, reduction/ termination of the persistent inflammation and elimination of free radicals by the introduction of an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant into the treatment of wounds could be an important strategy to improvehealing of diabetic wounds.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly

In their chapter on ghosts in literature, Bennett and Royle propose that nineteenth century literature altered the widespread understanding of ghosts. The ghost now ‘move[d] into one's head. The ghost is internalised: it becomes a psychological symptom, and no longer a thing that goes bump in the night†¦ ‘ (p. 133). Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley certainly provides evidence for this argument that nineteenth century Gothic literature became more concerned with the haunted consciousness than the haunted house (Byron 2004: Stirling University). The tale like all Gothic works is concerned with the uncanny, and if we believed the popular representation of Frankenstein, we could be fooled into thinking that it is simply about a terrifying, grotesque monster. However, is this actually what Shelley's novel is about? By paying particular attention to chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein, and using Bennett and Royle's chapter on ghosts, I will consider to what extent Frankenstein can be described as a ghost story. Before we start to look at Frankenstein itself, we should first look at the context in which it was written. As is well known, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein when travelling in Geneva with her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. In her preface to Frankenstein, Shelley tells the reader that ‘in the evenings we crowded around a blazing wood fire, and, occasionally amused ourselves with some German stories of ghosts†¦ ‘ She goes on to describe how ‘these tales excited us in a playful desire of imitation. [Percy Shelley, Lord Byron]†¦ and myself agreed to write each a story, founded on some supernatural occurrence' (Norton Anthology, p. 908). So before we have even read her tale, we know that she initially intended to write it as some form of ghost story. Did Shelley achieve her goal? Chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein does seem to provide evidence to the presence of the theme of the supernatural. This is the chapter in which Victor and his creature are reunited after Victor first ran away after bringing the creature to life because he was terrified by its horrific appearance. Prior to this, our only impression of the creature was very much a mysterious one; we knew him only by Victor's description of his hideous and deformed appearance. Now we get to ‘meet' him for ourselves, and our first impression may be that of shock; not because of his appearance (as of course we never really know what the creature looks like) but due to the eloquence with which he speaks. As Sparknotes summarise, ‘The monster's eloquent narration of events†¦ reveals his remarkable sensitivity and benevolence. ‘ The creature tells Victor of the pain and rejection he has had to suffer with great emotion; ‘All men hate the wretched; how then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! (Norton Anthology, p. 960). His expressive words show us that the creature is not a purely evil being, as Victor would have had us believe. The creature's appearance has an otherworldly attribute, simply because we never know and never will know what he actually looks like; we can only rely on Victor's and Walton's descriptions which may be biased, and so his appearance remains a secret. Nicholas Abraham ventures that ‘ghosts have to do with unspeakable secrets' (Bennett and Royle, p. 134). As we know, Frankenstein felt his secret of creating life was unspeakable to his family and friends – the only person he recounts his tale to is Walton (that the reader knows of anyway). On the other hand, Victor never constantly reiterates the creature's horrific appearance, and pays much less attention to the humane, sensitive side of the creature. This turns out to be a fatal and tragic mistake, as the creature's human characteristics turn out to be the most important; it is his humane side that becomes blackened by rejection of society, and causes the creature to kill Victor's family and friends and eventually, Victor himself. The way in which the creature appears before Victor in this chapter is also extremely eerie. He ‘bound[s] over the crevices in the ice' as an answer to Victor's call to the spirits. Victor pleads with them ‘Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your narrow beds, allow me this faint happiness, or take me, as your companion, away from the joys of life' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The fact that the creature's arrival comes when Victor is pleading for someone to carry him away from his worries by means of death could foreshadow who Victor's ‘saviour' will be. The creature also has a distinguishable effect on Victor when the two are reunited; he becomes the catalyst to cause Victor to become haunted only by his sheer animal hatred of the creature. As the creature approaches Victor, Victor describes how ‘anger and hatred had at first deprived me of utterance, and I recovered only to overwhelm him with words expressive of furious detestation and contempt' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The creature has a ghostlike effect on Victor, as he causes him to become paralysed, not by fear however, but by his pure loathing for him. If we take this further, we could even venture to say that from the creature's animation right until Victor's death, the creature ‘initiates a haunting theme that persists throughout the novel-the sense that the monster is inescapable, ever present, liable to appear at any moment and wreak havoc' (Sparknotes). Victor constantly lives in fear from the appearance of the creature, and also fears that he will kill all his family and friends. The way in which Frankenstein is narrated also carries on this haunting theme. It is told through a series of multiple narratives, as if Shelley was trying to recreate the way in which scary stories are passed down through generations, and perhaps also how they change over time. A noteworthy example of the creature's haunting effect on Victor comes when the two are reunited on the glacier. Victor describes with horror the feeling that came over him as he ‘beheld the figure of a man†¦ advancing towards me with superhuman speed. ‘ He tells the reader that ‘I felt a faintness seize me; but I was quickly restored by the cold gale of the mountains. I perceived as the shape came nearer, (sight tremendous and abhorred! that it was the wretch whom I had created. I trembled with rage and horror†¦ ‘ (Norton Anthology, p. 959). Victor must have, on some level, expected a reunion with his creature at some point; he knew he could only run from him for so long. However, his guilt has haunted him from the creature's creation, and so it could be that the creature is simply the embodiment of all of Victor's guilt and remorse for acting like God. This could explain why he is overwhelmed with horror – not by the creature's appearance, but because now he has to face his guilt head on, which he has attempted to put out of his mind for so long. We should also observe that Victor says he was ‘restored by the cold gale of the mountains' (Norton Anthology, p. 959) when he feels faint. This is the chapter in which the theme of sublime nature becomes utterly important in regard to understanding Victor Frankenstein, his creature and their remarkable relationship (Sparknotes). The majestic scenery of nature affects Victor's moods, has the power to move him and remind him of good times and also bad times. In a striking example, he goes so far as to say that ‘these sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This comment may show that Victor takes greater comfort in God's creation, that is, nature, than his own family, to whom he has not told his awful secret, and thus a barrier has been created. Victor has chosen instead to isolate himself and take comfort from the inanimate and almost haunting scenes around him. The changing weather can also arouse in Victor his feelings of despondency. He remarks ‘†¦ the rain poured down in torrents, and thick mists hid the summits of the mountains. I rose early, but felt unusually melancholy. The rain depressed me; my old feelings recurred, and I was miserable' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This could reveal that Victor's moods are ruled by some absent yet ever-present being – perhaps God. God is notable primarily by his distinct absence in the novel (Byron 2004: Stirling University). However, the way that Victor does not appear to have the power to control his own feelings could show us that he has lost some of his own life and vitality in creating the creature, and now leaves it up to the changing nature and weather to control his emotions. The place where Victor and his creature meet is also significant, as it first introduces the idea of the creature being Victor's doppelganger. The fact that they both meet at a rather random scene of beauty rather than an actual place could show that they are both isolate creatures, albeit that Victor is isolated because he chooses to be, and the creature because he has to hide from human eyes. The language that Victor uses indicates to the reader that he would prefer to be alone with his secret in nature than with other people. He uses phrases such as ‘solitary grandeur' and ‘terrifically desolate' (Norton Anthology, p. 958) to describe the scenes around him, and perhaps also his state of mind. The creature, like Victor, is affected by beautiful nature around him, and feels that ‘the desert mountains and dreary glaciers are my refuge,' (Norton Anthology, p. 960) which also reflects how Victor feels. The creature and Victor are both so at home in nature, which could stress that there is more to this relationship than meets the eye; are these two really so different? Many modern critics believe that the creature is Victor's doppelganger. In earlier Gothic literature, evil was generally located in an external source, but Frankenstein sees a turn inwards to a focus on the evil within ourselves (Byron 2004: Stirling University). Bennett and Royle propose that ‘conflicting senses of the word ‘ghost' suggest ghosts are both exterior and central to our sense of the human' (p. 132). The creature in Frankenstein is the embodiment of this confusion. While he is physically exterior, he also pervades Victor's consciousness. It has to be remembered that it was Victor who created the creature, and so perhaps the creature is Victor's doppelganger, as he is ‘the embodiment of an internal and irreparable division in the human psyche' (Byron 2004: Stirling University). It is possible to see that the gaps between Frankenstein and his creature are not as wide as we may have initially believed. However, while I do believe that Frankenstein is a ghost story to a very large extent, I do not think one could describe the tale of Frankenstein without, at some point, mentioning the genre of science fiction. While at once being Gothic and having the style of the German ghost stories that Shelley and her companions were reading on their travels, the story would have much less of an impact if it were not for the role that science plays in the book. Victor becomes obsessed by the secret of life in the book, and it is he who creates the ‘ghost' in the story, so it is not simply a case of the bogey man in Frankenstein. The creature challenges our way of thinking about ghosts because he was brought to life made of dead parts, as if life can spring from death with the use of science. So, while I would argue that the tale is most definitely a ghost story, I do not think that Frankenstein would have become such a literary classic if Shelly had not chosen to use the role of science to show us what can happen if we mere mortals meddle too much with God's prerogative.

Emotional Intelligence And The Health Care Setting

Emotional Intelligence is essential when it comes to communicating with a patient within a health care setting. Healthcare workers need to be able to exercise empathy and self-awareness when providing quality care to their clients. This essay will discuss the meaning of emotional intelligence, the different branches of it, and their importance in a health care setting. As well as this, the ways in which health care professionals use emotional intelligence, and why it is used, will also be discussed. Emotions can be defined as â€Å"organised responses,† that cross â€Å"the boundaries of many psychological subsystems, including the physiological, cognitive, motivational, and experimental systems.† Emotions will usually arise â€Å"in response to an event, either internal or external, that has a positive or negative meaning for the individual† (Salovey Mayer, 1990, p. 189). Intelligence can be defined as â€Å"the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment† (Wechsler, 1944, p. 3). When these two concepts are put together, emotional intelligence is created. Emotional intelligence can be defined as â€Å"the ability to monitor one s own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one s thinking and actions† (Salovey Mayer, 1990, p. 189). Health care professionals use emotional intelligence on a daily ba sis, when communicating with patients, whenShow MoreRelatedUsing Emotional Intelligence to Communicate in a Health Care Setting1161 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare worker uses emotional intelligence when establishing communication with a client in a health care environment, it is imperative to first have a clear understanding of what emotional intelligence is. 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Emotional intelligence, one of the key approaches to communication in a health care setting, is a fundamental part ofRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Therapeutic Interaction and Reflective Nursing1527 Words   |  6 PagesEMOTIONAL INTELLIGIENCE THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION AND REFLECTIVE NURSING Emotional intelligence and therapeutic interaction plays vital role in forming a successful human relationship. 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Immigration Reform A Very Touchy Subject - 858 Words

Immigration Reform Immigration reform is a very touchy subject. All lot of individuals are directly and indirectly affected by this issue. I am one of the individuals that has been directly affected by this issue. My father came here from Jamaica to make a better life for himself. He became a United States citizen in 1990. I’ve always looked up to my dad for his drive and tenacity to do better for himself and his family. Throughout this debate we will look at facts around the issue that supported my decisions to reform the immigration policy. One major issue that affected my decision was the cost that deportation would add to the U.S. Government. The United States is estimated to have 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. According to Berman by â€Å"[r]emoving all 11.2 million undocumented immigrants, both forcibly and through Mitt Romney s infamous self-deportation policy, would take about 20 years and cost the government between $400 billion and $600 bil lion† (Berman, 2015, para. 3). The 11 million undocumented immigrants is estimate and not a hard number. I believe there is a lot more undocumented immigrants that would raise estimated cost it would to deport all undocumented immigrants over that 20 year period. This is one of the reasons that I am against mass deportation of undocumented immigrants. With that being said amnesty comes with a different set of costs. Undocumented immigrants still pay taxes, but do not receive all the benefits that legalShow MoreRelatedOn The Issues: The Race for Virgina Governor1360 Words   |  6 PagesRepublican and Democrat contenders. The candidates were Republican Ken Cuccinelli, Democrat Terry McAuliffe and Libertarian Robert Sarvis. 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William Shakespeares Hamlet - 1308 Words

William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughout the play and most importantly, his soliloquy. Hamlet is characterized as being very unsure of himself, which leads to much confusion. He contemplates his virtue in life, something many people struggle with to understand. One problem that†¦show more content†¦He feels the longer he delays the plan to kill Claudius, the bigger the coward he will be, and the harder he will be on himself for not doing so. Hamlet has a lot of resentment towards Claudius because he has taken his father’s place and married his mother. He feels as though Claudius betrayed him and his father, so he seeks revenge. He does not believe that Claudius deserves the right to the throne, or even the right to live. While he is speaking to Horatio, he makes a comment about Claudius. â€Å"He that hath killed my king, and whored my mother, Popped in between the election and my hopes.† (5, 2, 63-65). This is Hamlet’s way of clarifying that he needs to kill Claudius. Although he is saying it to Horatio, he is really telling himself this so he feels he has good reasoning to kill Claudius. He also feels he needs to pay respect to his father by getting rid of Claudius. Also, by killing Claudius, Hamlet thinks he can prove himself to be brave in front of Ophelia, his potential wife. He wants to show her that even though murdering Claudius is a sin, he can protect her and stand up for what is true and honorable, so he wants to her to remember what he does to Claudius. He calls out to her during his soliloquy; â€Å"The fair Ophelia. – Nymph, in thy orisons; be all my sins remembered.† (3, 1, 90-91). Hamlet would rather have Ophelia remember his sins that to deal with his circumstance. He ends his relationship with her so she will not get in his way of killingShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. T he majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. 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We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |  9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet and

Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Diabetess is a status in which the organic structure either fails to properly respond to its ain insulin, does non do adequate insulin, or both. This causes glucose to roll up in the blood, frequently taking to assorted complications. It is a life endangering status. We will write a custom essay sample on Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holocene WHO calculations indicate that worldwide about 3 million deceases per twelvemonth are attributable to diabetes. [ 1 ] 23.6 million people in the USA i.e. 7.8 % of the population have diabetes. 2.3 million people in the UK are diabetics doing 8.8 % of population. In Pakistan 22.04 % of the population in urban and 17.15 % in rural countries suffer from diabetes mellitus. [ 2 ] Currently, it is projected that 150 million people on the Earth have diabetes [ 2 ] . This figure is expected to increase to 300 million by the twelvemonth 2025 ; most of these instances will be type 2 diabetes [ 2 ] . The prevalence of type 2 diabetes varies widely between populations, reflecting differences in both familial susceptibleness and environmental influences [ 1 ] . The Asia and the Pacific have really high rates of diabetes and this is peculiarly due to the effects of modernisation, life style and the ripening of populations [ 1 ] . In fact, despite increasing consciousness of the turning job of diabetes and the recent publication of a figure of anticipations of current and future prevalence of diabetes worldwide, the U.S. is the lone state in the developed universe with dependable informations on national prevalence [ 7 ] . We conducted this survey in Civil Hospital Karachi, a third attention infirmary to measure the current state of affairs of the rapid rise in diabetes in our patients and to place the associated factors which have contributed to this. After finishing this survey we recommended alterations to the relevant authorization on territory and National degree so that appropriate stairss can be taken to screen out this job which is increasing the economic load on our state where the wellness budget is less than 2 per centum. Methodology This is a cross-sectional survey conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi over a period of 7 months ( from 1st January to 31st July 2009 ) Data was collected by questioning the patients sing Medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi through a good structured questionnaire. Stress degrees were evaluated by inquiring patients about insomnia ( in the past one month ) . A written consent for the afore-mentioned was taken from each patient. Initially a pilot survey was conducted questioning 10 patients sing medical OPD of Civil Hospital Karachi. Any lacks in the questionnaire and method of the survey were corrected. The sample size was 450 ( approved by the DUHS Ethics and Research Dept. ) . which was non likely purposive sampling. Our chief aim was to measure the frequence of diabetes mellitus and associated factors in patients go toing medical OPD for which the patients included were holding a Fasting Plasma Glucose ( FPG ) degree of 126 mg/dL or above, which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( OGTT ) 2-hour glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or above which was confirmed by reiterating the trial on another twenty-four hours, A random, blood glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or higher, and the presence of increased micturition, thirst and unexplained weight loss other symptoms can include weariness, blurred vision, increased hungriness, and sores that do non mend. Diabetic Patients with a diagnosing of high blood pressure i.e when the norm of 2 or more diastolic BP measurings on at least 2 consecutive visits is 90 millimeter Hg or when the norm of several systolic BP readings on 2 or more subsequent visits is invariably 140 millimeter Hg. [ 10 ] PASW-18 ( Predictive Analytics Software ) was used for statistical analysis. For uninterrupted response variables like age, BMI, weight were presented by average  ± SD. General distribution was presented by ratio ( M: F ) or per centums. For comparing demographic and basic diabetes variables were used. The survey was given blessing by the moralss Review Committee of Dow University Of Health Sciences ( DUHS ) Consequences: The frequence of Diabetes found in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.71 % .The Mean BMI was 25.2489 ±5.733. The frequence of Type 1 was 14 % and type 2 was 85.7 % .The most susceptible age group was 50-60 with a prevalence per centum of 19.8 % . The patients who besides reported stress related issues were 60.2 % and the patients with first grade relations holding diabetes were 51 % . Patients who besides complained of Hypertension along with diabetes were 58.2 % BMI of Patients Nitrogen Scope Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation BMI of platinum 450 52.26 12.92 65.18 25.2489 5.73306 High blood pressure patient with emphasis Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage no 187 41.8 % no 178 39.8 % yes 260 58.2 % yes 269 60.2 % household history type of DM Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage no 219 49 % type 1 62 14 % yes 228 51 % type 2 388 86 % patient exercising Frequency Percentage no 355 78.8 % yes 95 21.2 % Discussion: The frequence of Diabetes mellitus in patients go toing medical OPD was 19.72 % . This is significantly higher from the prevalence as far because we chiefly collected our informations from an already High Risk Population. Harmonizing to W.H.O 2.8 million i.e. 9 % in UK and 22.04 % in Pakistan are diabetics. [ 1 ] WHO estimates that over the following 10 old ages ( 2006-2015 ) , China will lose $ 558 billion in bygone national income due to bosom disease, shot and diabetes entirely. [ 2 ] Numerous surveies have been conducted in the past linking Diabetes with assorted hazard factors. These surveies showed that additions in fleshiness and diabetes among US grownups continue in male and female, all smoke degrees, all ages, all educational degrees, and in all races reasoning that fleshiness is strongly associated with several major wellness hazard factors. In 2001 the prevalence of fleshiness ( BMI 30 ) was 20.9 % vs 19.8 % in 2000, an addition of 5.6 % . The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9 % vs 7.3 % in 2000, an addition of 8.2 % . The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3 % . Overweight and fleshiness were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin, asthma, arthritis, and hapless wellness position. [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] Type 2 diabetes, characterized by target-tissue opposition to insulin, is like an epidemic largely in industrialised societies and is strongly associated with fleshiness ; nevertheless, the mechanism by which increased adiposeness causes insulin opposition is ill-defined. A survey was conducted to find the prevalence and impact of corpulence and fleshiness among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus on glycaemic control and cardiovascular hazard factors in patients go toing a secondary attention diabetes clinic in the United Kingdom. The consequences showed that Obesity is common among patients go toing this infirmary ‘s diabetes clinic, with 86 % of those with type 2 diabetes were corpulent. Among the Chinese Adult population steps of cardinal fleshiness are better forecasters of glucose tolerance abnormalcies prevalence than BMI. A WHtR cut-off point of 0.5 for both work forces and adult females can be considered as optimum for foretelling ( pre- ) diabetes and may be a utile tool for testing and wellness instruction. [ 13 ] In the US Nurses ‘ Health Study, 114,247 adult females were followed for 8 old ages and 2,333 instances of type 2 diabetes were confirmed. After commanding for multiple hazard factors, the comparative hazard of diabetes was 1.42 among adult females who smoked 25 or more coffin nails a twenty-four hours compared with non-smokers, proposing a sensible association between smoke and the consequent development of diabetes. [ 16 ] A similar survey of 41,810 in-between aged work forces found that those who smoked more than 25 coffin nails daily had a comparative hazard of diabetes of 1.94 compared with non-smokers. [ 17 ] Smoking compounds the diabetic jobs Smoking which causes type 2 diabetes can impact the other manner unit of ammunition, excessively. Diabetics who smoke are at more hazard of worsening their wellness jobs. Diabetics who smoke are at a higher hazard ( three times ) to decease of bosom onslaught and shot than diabetics who do non smoke moreover blood glucose, blood force per unit area, cholesterin degrees and the opportunity of infections shoots up among diabetics as smoke amendss the blood vass of these patients which makes harder for their organic structure to mend. They can eventually stop up in amputations. Diabetics who already suffer from kidney, nervus and joint disease can damage the same when they smoke. Diabetics who continue to smoke face trouble in contending against cold and other respiratory diseases and are prone to develop dangerous malignant neoplastic diseases in oral cavity, pharynx, lung and vesica. They besides have greater hazard of being impotent taking to psychological and societal jobs. Decision: Pakistan has a quickly lifting prevalence of diabetes and other classs of unnatural glucose tolerance. Pakistan is in one of the most High hazard countries of the universe where Diabetes is prevailing. The prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan is one of the highest yet reported from a developing state with a contrasting background as compared to the western states. The frequence of Diabetes mellitus found in our research survey was 19.71 % . The most important associations were Patient ‘s age, Obesity, Stress, Family History, Ethnic group, diet and Hypertension. Recommendations: Early sensing and bar of diabetes in the high hazard group is of import in order to forestall the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus. Designation of High hazard group their societal, life manner and dietetic alteration may cut down the development of diabetes. The survey was conducted in order to place the incidence and associated factors of diabetes in our population. 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Changing Face of HRM

Question: Discuss about theChanging Face of HRM. Answer: Introduction Human Resource Management or precisely known has HRM is a subject to a number of debates pertaining to its importance and relevance in an organization. However with the changes taking places in the organization, the functions of the human resource department in any organization has been overwhelmingly increasing. It has increased to such an extent that it is nearly impossible now to conceive an organization without the Human Resource Department. The aim of the essay is to bring out the growing relevance of HRM in any industry and how the changing nature of the society has a direct impact on the practices of the HR people in an organization. (Guest, 2011).We would also try and analyse the various changes taking place in the social, political, cultural and economic aspect across the globe. These changes in turn are giving rise to a number of challenges that the organizations have to face in order to stay in business. This means that the issues arising in any organization is primarily dealt with the help of Human Resource Department (Farndale, Scullion and Sparrow, 2010). Thus thismakestheir role in any organization is inevitable. The changing trends and challenges that are usually being faced by the HR people in an organization which will be discussed are mainly: The stepped-up competition for talent New development in technology Demographic changes In the due course we will bring out how each challenge is having a direct impact on the HR planning of an organization, leading to transformation in rules and policies of the same (Dessler, 2013). Before going on elaborating on the changing nature of HRM in any industry, we first need to have a clear conception of the term HRM which we would often be referring to in the essay. HRM is a coherent and strategic approach to management of an organizations most values assets the people working there, either individually or collectively who contribute to the achievement of objectives that the organization aims for (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). Summing it up, Human Resource Management is to MINDE i.e. managed, inspire, nurture, develop and engage. HRM has an all-embracing function dealing with all the aspect of an organization. Thus if any changes of any nature take place in any organization, the direct impact would be on none other than the HR people as going by their functions form the backbone of the industries today. (Armstrong and Taylor, 2011).The HR are sought to be all-rounders, having an idea about the function of all the departments of the company. They ensure that the indivi dual along with their own growth, work for the bigger aim to attain the objectives of the company.(Nickson, 2013). One thing that should be clearly kept in mind is that the organizations are affected internally by changes taking place for e.g. changes in policies and regulations, trade union factor, culture and conflict of the organization and professional bodies present in the organization. (Tarique and Schuler, 2010).However along with the internal changes external factors like cultural changes taking place in the world, the technological developments and constant inventions that is witnessed with each passing day. The economic growth and fluctuations faced by the various countries and the political legal scenario also play a major in influencing the terms and conditions of an organization (Tymaon, Stumpf and Doh, 2010). Going by the impact the various challenges are that an industry is facing we first need to analyse the nature of the challenges. Observation of the challenges that are taken up for discussion, we see that all the trends whose influence we are trying to assess are external factors. The main trend which in reality is a matter of concern is the stepped-up competition of talent in the market (Jiang, Lepak, Hu and Baer, 2012). There is constant competition to attract the best kind of labour in the market. Each company with the help of their policies of work ethics, development and growth tries to attract the best of the lot. Attracting and acquisition of a person and their skills is not the issue today, the problem revolves around the retention of the person in the long run. Companies are offering neck to neck competition in the market today. They are adapting strategies like offering high salary packages , relaxed shifts or work conditions, flexibility of time , recreational facilities and the like , they try to attract the most skilled people in the company (Mandhanya and Shah, 2010). For e.g., ITC or the India Tobacco Company, a leading FMCG company tries to acquire the creamy layers of the society by offering a higher salary package to the its employees along with other perks and benefits in order to retain them in the long run. Phillips India Limited for that matter provides the option of work from home to their employees to ensure their convenience. What we need to accept is the fact that there is dearth of talent in the market today, thus the HR personnels are try to mould the policies of their or ganization in a such a manner that they can get the apt people for the diverse kinds of job they are offering. Google, for example is regarded as the best company to work for as they provide the best of facilities for their employees. This is done so because they can be best in the market. They are investing in the employees in return for the output given by them. This would help them increase their productivity.(Scarbrough and Corbett, 2013). The strategy is formulated in such a manner that they promote the individual development of an organization in line with the ultimate objective of the organization. For this purpose, it is often seen that the companies also map out career plan for their employees to keep them motivated and give them a clear vision of what they have to do in the organization (Fee, 2014). This shows that the rat race for acquiring the best kind of talent for their organization plays a direct role in the formulation of the policies for the HR department (Mondy Mondy, 2013). It is also ensure that they provide what the others in the market cannot. This is not only with respect to the monetary compensation but also the social and psychological aspects. The next challenge faced by the HR department and the hospitality industry today is the new developments that are taking place in the world. If we trace the history, technology has played an important role in shaping up the organizational structure. Initially most of the work in any industry was done manually which means that more labour force rather more people were required to carry out the tasks. At the end the production was also low as compared to the work which is done manually. ( Choi, Lee and Yoo, 2010).However with industrial revolution and other technological transformations taking place in the due course of time replaced manual labour with machines which obviously changed the face of many policies of the company. Lesser people were now required to carry out the same task. However specialized labour was now required to operate the systems and various machines. The role of the HR manager is to handle the technological advancement and of course the people along with it in such a way that factors like employee management and team building does not come as challenge in front of them. This is usually done by improvising the concept of change management in their systems. When something new or different is introduced in the organization, the Human Resource manager takes the responsibility of ensuring that the employees are well acquainted with the new system. They also provide them with requisite skills for dealing with the same (C G Davidson, McPhail and Barry, 2011).For e.g., if a new software package is introduced in the company, the employees are given adequate training to operate that software. This is where the major role of the HR personnel comes in the scenario. Previously, their task was merely restricted to the recruitment and allotting their packages as per their qualification but now there is much more to the picture. With the changes taking place in technology, HRM in any organization now tries to constantly try to keep pace with the changes otherwise it would be impossible to manage the people. Taking the example of Canon, a multinational camera manufacturing company was first of its kind in manufacturing new types of cameras with focal lenses (Mellow, 2011). However with the advancement in technology what we see in fashion is the coming of the high resolution camera phones.This made the camera market almost obsolete in nature. In order to cope with this change, the organization thought of utilizing the lenses they specialized and diversified their system of production by now manufacturing Xerox and photocopy machines which was then gaining rapid importance in the market (Daley, 2012).This example clearly shows us how HR department alo ng with other line managers coped up with a crisis with the help of their innovative policies. This was in line with the advancements and most importantly change management. Another inevitable and important change that takes place in any organization is the demographic changes. As the labour force is very diverse now, industries try to make a good amount of change in their approach towards people management. If we take in the ageing population into consideration, it should be kept in mind that with the change in generation the HR implications are also changing in the same manner. (Boehm, Kunze and Bruch, 2014). A major demographic change that is taking place is the increase in the number of female employees in organization. Where the HR people were accustomed to dealing with men, new strategies have to be planned to suit both the generations. For the same cause, benefits that are especially created for the convenience of the women like maternity leaves have been thought of to ensure that their satisfaction and comfort?(Dowling et al, 2013). With the new generation constantly trying to be innovative in the way they do things, cannot be dealt with in the same manner as one deals with the older employees. What motivates a young person and a relatively old person can be very different. For that matter even the vision they have can be antagonistic in nature (Ernst Kossek, Lewis and Hammer, 2010).Thus the HR has to ensure that their strategic planning is tailor fit for the age group they are dealing with. For example, a perk like a free holiday trip would not excite or motivate an older employee as compared to younger one. Thus demographic changes directly influence the plans and policies of an organization. With the changing society, we see a drastic change in the organizational pattern as well of the industries. Human Resource Management now acquires an innovative and unique way of dealing with the people of the company which was earlier much lighter in nature. HR managers have the most important role to play in the organization because they are responsible for managing people, men being social animal with the ability to reason and question becomes a major problem. HRM has acquired a prominent role in the society owing to functions it now performs in any organization - from planning to application , from mere organizing to skilful training , the functions of an HR has come a long way. The companies and industries that operate in the 21st century have been carved out of their HR practices itself. This is done in accordance with the changing times and the challenges they are facing (Patrick Neumanand Dul, 2010 ).The trends and challenges a company faces gives it a new face altogether by reforming its policies and restructuring its regulation. If any organization fails to cope up with the changing trends or are unable to find methods to overcome these changes that are unavoidable, the company would slowly perish. The major impact mostly on the organizations after facing the challenges is to change- a change in accordance with need of the hour or what the situations demand for per se. The external challenges are in fact healthy for any organization as they teach the companies to be on their toes. They help them in brainstorming various new ways of handling the change.(Thunnison,Boselie and Fruytier, 2013). Of course the challenges do become problematic for the organizations at times, but then again this is the spirit of competition. Furthermore, when they overcome these challenges, such organizations are mostly found at the winning end. References: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Boehm, S. A., Kunze, F., Bruch, H. (2014). Spotlight on age?diversity climate: The impact of age?inclusive HR practices on firm?level outcomes.Personnel Psychology,67(3), 667-704. Boxall, P., Purcell, J. (2011).Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. CG Davidson, M., McPhail, R., Barry, S. (2011). Hospitality HRM: past, present and the future.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,23(4), 498-516. Choi, S. Y., Lee, H., Yoo, Y. (2010). The impact of information technology and transactive memory systems on knowledge sharing, application, and team performance: a field study.MIS quarterly, 855-870. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resource management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Dessler, G.(2013).Human resource management. (13th ed). Boston, Ma: Pearson Higher Ed. Dowling, P.J., Festing, M., Engler, A.D.(2013).International Human resource management.(6th ed).South Melboune, Vic:Cengage. Ernst Kossek, E., Lewis, S., Hammer, L. B. (2010). Worklife initiatives and organizational change: Overcoming mixed messages to move from the margin to the mainstream.human relations,63(1), 3-19. Farndale, E., Scullion, H., Sparrow, P. (2010). The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management.Journal of World Business,45(2), 161-168. Fee, M. C. (2014). Human resources management. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human resource management journal,21(1), 3-13. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Mandhanya, Y., Shah, M. (2010). EMPLOYER BRANDING-A TOOL FOR TALENT MANAGEMENT.Global Management Review,4(2). Mellow, J.A., (2011). Strategic Human Resource Management. (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning. Mondy, R.W., and Mondy, J.B. (2013). Human Resource Management. (13th ed.). Boston, MA:Pearson. Nickson, D. (2013).Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events. Routledge. Patrick Neumann, W., Dul, J. (2010). Human factors: spanning the gap between OM and HRM.International journal of operations production management,30(9), 923-950. Scarbrough, H., Corbett, J. M. (2013).Technology and Organization (RLE: Organizations): Power, Meaning and Deisgn. Routledge. Tarique, I., Schuler, R. S. (2010). Global talent management: Literature review, integrative framework, and suggestions for further research.Journal of world business,45(2), 122-133. Thunnissen, M., Boselie, P., Fruytier, B. (2013). Talent management and the relevance of context: Towards a pluralistic approach.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), 326-336. Tymon, W. G., Stumpf, S. A., Doh, J. P. (2010). Exploring talent management in India: The neglected role of intrinsic rewards.Journal of World Business,45(2), 109-121.